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A.S.Sidhu
Punjab Agricultural University
BR>
Punjab Agricultural University
Regional Research Station, Bathinda
Punjab, India
Our country has achieved self sufficiency and a good degree of
stability of food production. This created an urgent need for
providing health security to our population by supplying nutrition
through balanced diet. Vegetables form the most important component
of a balanced diet. We can grow variety of vegetables all the
year round. The country is the world's second largest producer
of vegetables next only to China. However our per capita consumption
is quite low.
In the post partition period a good infrastructure for vegetable
research has been created. At present vegetable research is being
carried out at four central institutes, one National Research
Centre and 26 State Agricultural Universities. The All India Coordinated
Research Programme of the Project Directoreate of Vegetable Research
provides facilities for multidisciplinary, area specific research
on 23 vegetable crops and provides a national grid for multilocation
testing of technologies developed by various institrutions. As
a result research on various aspects of major vegetable crops
is being undertaken in order to improve existing varieties and
standardise production techniques. The investment in vegetable
research is insignificant compared to cereals so is the manpower
deployment.
Through intensive research ewer
deployment.
Through intensive research efforts 119 improved varieties in 16
vegetable crops have been released. Of these, nine are F1 hybrids,
two are synthetic cauliflower varieties and 24 varieties are resistant
to different diseases and insect pests. Some of these varieties
have already made significant impact/contribution in revolutionising
the production of vegetables in the country. Besides developing
new varieties several agro-techniques and plant protection measures
against diseases and insect pests have been standardised and recommended.
Systematic efforts are also on to achieve self sufficienty in
seed production, though the goal is quite far. Several biotic
constraints pertaining to non availability and erosion of germplasm
and its evaluation, diseases and insect pests, manpower, abiotic
factors such as limited availability of funds, physical environmental
and soil factors and seasonal problems, socio-economic factors
and limitations of infrastructure are limiting vegetable research
in India. The priorities of research in years to come have been
identified as breeding for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses,
heterosis breeding,breeding for improvement of nutritional quality
and procesing, seed technology research, development of technology
for growing vegetables in protected environment, use of biotechnology,
insecticidal residues and off season vegetable production etc.
India has taken a bold step towards self sufficiency in food.
However, self sufficiency in the true sense can be achieved only
when each individual in the country is assured of balanced diet.
Varied agro-climatic conditions in India make it possible to grow
a wide variety of vegetable crops all the year round in one part
of the country or another. India can claim to grow the largest
number of vegetable crops compared to any other country of the
world and as many as 61 annual and 4 perennial vegetable crops
are commercially cultivated. Some of the important vegetable crops
grown are:
| Solanaceous crops | Brinjal, tomato, chillies, sweet pepper (Capsicum). |
| Cole Crops | Cabbage, cauliflower, knol khol. |
| Bulbous vegetable | Onion, garlic |
| Okra | Okra |
| Cucurbits | Longmelon, muskmelon, snapmelon, watermelon, cucumber, pumpkin, summer squash, bitter gourd, bottle gourd, pointed gourd (parwal), ridge gourd, round gourd, snake grourd, sponge gourd, wax gourd (ash gourd) |
| RTD> | |
| Root vegetables | Carrot, radish, turnip |
| Leguminous vegetables | Broad bean, cluster bean, cowpea, dolichos bean, French bean, peas |
| Leafy vegetables | Amaranthus, beet leaf, fenugreek, spinach |
| Salad vegetables | Lettuce |
| Perennial vegetables | Drumstick, curry leaf, agathi, paii |
India is the second largest producer of vegetables in the world
next only to China with an estimated production of about 50.09
million tonnes from an area of 4.5 million hectares at an average
yield of 11.3 tonnes per hectare. India shares about 12% of the
world output of vegetables from about 2.0% of croppped area in
the country. Statewise area and production of vegetable crops
and area and production of different vegetable crops in india
is given in Table 1 & 2
respectively. The per capita consumption in India is only about
140 gm which is far below the minimum dietry requirement of 280
g/day/person. In the independent India, systematic efforts have
been made to upgrade vegetable production technology. Hoe to upgrade vegetable production technology. However,
such efforts were quite inadequate due to priority given to food
grain production programmes so far. Inspite of this vegetable
production In India has steadily increased from about 28 m.tonnes
during 1969-71 to its present level. The demand of vegetables
has been increasing fast in the urban areas with an gradual rise
in standard of living coupled with development of communication
and transport facilities. It therefore calls fo a major research
and development effort to achieve our target (83 million tonnes)
for the supply of 200 gms of vegetables per capita per day to
an estimated population of 1 billion by 2000 A.D. through suitable
reserch programmes.
Research on vegetable crops in India, was initiated by the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) during 1947-48 soon after
independence with the sanctioning of a nucleus Plant Introduction
Scheme at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New
Delhi. Simultaneously, the ICAR starrted ad-hoc schemes in different
states like Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra,
Punjab, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. The Govt. of
India also established a Vegetable Breeding Station at Katrain
in Kulu Valley, Himachal Pradesh, during 1949. This station which
was subsequently transferred to the Indian Agricultural Ressequently transferred to the Indian Agricultural Research
Institute during 1955, has been primarily carrying out intensive
research on temperate vegetables and their seed production.
Systematic research on vegetables was organised with the creation
of Division of Horticulture at the Indian Agricultural Research
Institute, during 1956-57. However, it received a real boost with
the establishment of the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research
with a full fledged Division of Vegetable Crops at Bangalore in
1968. A separate Division of Vegetable Crops and Floriculture
was also started at IARI, New Delhi in 1970. In 1982, the Floriculture
work was separated from the Division of Vegetable Crops which
was assigned research work exclusively on Vegetable Crops. Besides
IARI, IIHR and their Regional Stations at Katrain, Ranchi and
Godhara, the Central Institute of Horticulture for Northern Plains
at Lucknow has also been given the mandate to work on Vegetaqble
Crops of the region. Further, Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan
Shala, Almora, Central gricultural Research Instirtute, Port Blair
and ICAR Research Complex for NEH Regtion Shillong are also carrying
out some research work on Vegetable Crops to meet regional needs.
Establishment of 26 Agricultural Universities in 17 States from
1960 onwards, gave further fillip to Vegetable Research which
is being carried by their Deptts. of Horticulture and in 9 cases
by separate Departments of Veand in 9 cases
by separate Departments of Vegetable Crops. An All India Coordinated
Vegetable Improvement Project was also started by the ICAR in
1970-71 (Fourth Plan) to provide a national grid for testing of
technologies developed by various research institutes and agricultural
universities through inter-disciplinary multi-location research
approach. The project was started with 7 main and ten sub-centres.
Three centres were added to it during the fifth, two in the sixth
and two in the seventh plan. At present there are 23 centres working
under this project. This project was upgraded as a Project Directorate
of Vegetable Research during the VII Plan in 1987 and is undertaking
multidisciplinary, multilocation research at 23 regular centres
besides 42 voluntary centres. The project at present headquartered
in Varanasi (U.P.).
In addition to this, a number of short term time bound and result
oriented ad-hoc schems on area specific problemks of selected
vegetable crops are also being supported by the ICAR at various
Central Institutes and State Agricultural Universities. There
is also one foreign aided project on Post-harvest technology of
some Fruits and Vegetables. A project on Protected Cultivation
and Green Houses has been decided to be implemented with USAID
support. The deetails of Infrastructure available for vegetable
research vis-a-vis other horticultural crops & field crops
is given in Table 3Table 3.
By and large vegetable research has been carried out in India
by Public Institutions. However, in recent years there has been
an effort to start R & D activities by some private companies
with foreign collaboration. Some private companies conducting
research include M/s Indo-American Hybrid Seed Co. Bangalore;
M/s Mahyco, Jalna, Maharashtra; Nath Seeds, Aurangabad. Maharashtra;
Suttons & Sons, Calcutta, West Bengal; Bejo Sheetal Hybrid
Seeds, Jalna, Maharashtra; Biogene; Bangalore, Karnataka &
Unicorn Group in Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.
An idea of Budget allocation to different groups of horticultural
and other important food crops is given in Table 4.
The amount represents allocations only to ICAR programmes and
is by no way exhaustive as expenditure on vegetable research by
other Institutres/Agricultural Universities has not been included.
The data in the table will show that by and large investment in
vegetable research is insignificant compared to cereals and is
the fourth highest amongst horticultural crops next to fruit,
tuber-crops and plantation crops and higher only to floriculture
and spices.
The total manpower deployed for research on different hoticultural
crops is given in Table 5.
It will be given in Table 5.
It will be seen that a total of 505 persons are engaged in vegetable
research of which 163 are scientists the remaining being technical,
administrative and supporting staff. Against this 1076 persons
with 306 scientis are employed for research on fruits, 1295 with
347 scientists for potato and other tuber crops and 9139 with
a component of 2213 scientists for cereal crops during the VII
Plan.
The major objectives of research on vegetables in India is improving
production per unit area by solving chronic problems of production
through breeding high yielding, disease & pest resistant varieties,
developing F1 hybrids, standardisation of agro-techniques for
different agro-ecological situations, disease and insect pest
management and post-harvest studies with a view to reduce post-harvest
losses. Twenty three vegetable namely, amaranthus, bitter kgourd,
bottle gourd, brinjal, cabbaage, carrot, cauliflower, chillies,
coepea, cucumbefr, Dolichos, frenchbean, garlic, Luffa, muskmelon,
okra, onion, peas, pointed gourd, pumpkin, sweet pepper, tomato
and watermelon have been included in the national reslearch programme
on vegetable crops. The salient research achievements in vegetable
research are given below.
The evaluation of indigenous and exotic germplasm intP>
The evaluation of indigenous and exotic germplasm introductions,
and their hybridization resulted in the selection of over 30 superior
varieties of different vegetables during fiftees. Of these, varieties
'Pusa Sawani' of okra, 'Pusa Ruby' and 'Pusa Early Dwarf' of tomaton,
'Pusa Purple Long' of bnrinjal and 'Booneville' of garden peas
still continue to be the main vegetable varieties due to their
high yield potential and consumer's preference. As a result of
multi-disciplinary, multi-location testing of new research materials
during the last two decades, 119 improved varieties in 16 major
vegetable crops have been identified and recommended for cultivation
in various agro-climatic regions of the country (Table 6).
These include 20 varieties of tomato, 22 of brinjal, 13 each of
onion and cauliflower, 12 of garden pea, 9 of chillies, 8 of muskmelon
4 each of water melon, pumpkin & okra, 3 frenchbean (bush
type) 2 of garlic and 1 each of Dolichos bean, cabbage, carrot,
cowpea and capsicum.
It is interesting to note that out of 119 varieties recommended
by All India Coordinated vegetable Improvement Project, 52 varieties/hybrids
have been released through Central Variety Release Committee for
commercial cultivation in different zones of India. Moreover,
the foundation and certified seeds of these varieties are being
produced by the National Seeds Corporation Government of India.
Besides, 74 varieties of differnt of India.
Besides, 74 varieties of different vegetables have been released
by different states and their list is given in Table 7.
In India, even though the first report of hybrid vigour in chillies
came in 1933 from Indian Agricultural Research Institute, the
first F1 hybrid of tomato and capsicum was available for commercial
cultivation only in 1973. Since then, there has been an increasing
interest in growing hybrids in vegetable crops among the Indian
farmers.
Heterosis breeding in vegetable crops in India has received serious
attention only in recent years. As a result the progress in developing
and popularising hybrid varieties has been very slow. The first
F1 hybrid of tomato (Karnataka Hybrid) and capsaicum (Bharat)
were released for commercial cultivation in 1973 by a private
seed company M/s Indo-American Hybrid Seeds followed by 28 other
Hybrids in 9 vegetable crops. Of the 21 F1 hybrids in 11 vegetable
crops developed so far by public research institutions (Table 8).
In addition to F1 hybrids, two synthetic cauliflower varieties,
namely, 'Pusa Synthetic' in and 'Pusa Early Synthetic' have also
been recommended for release.
The F1 hybrids developed have not been fully exploited so far
due to inadequate facilities for their seed production. At present
there is an urgent need to simplif production. At present
there is an urgent need to simplify the technique of hybrid seed
production. Various genetic mechanisms like male sterility, self-incompatibility
and sgnoecious sex forms need special attention to exploit them
as female presents of the hybrids. Pioneer research work has been
carried out in the Division of Vegetable Crops, IARI, New Delhi
and some female parents like self -incompatible lines in cauliflower
and cabbage anbd gynoecious sex forms in muskmelon and cucumber
have been developed and are being utilized in heterosis breeding.Very
good hybrid research work has been carried out at Punjab Agricultural
University on muskmelon,brinjal,tomato,chilli and onion.
In general, there is acute deartrh of good hybrid seeds in cauliflower,
cabbnage, tomato and onion and taking up heterosis breeding in
these crops is an immediate need.Work on hetrosis will be strengthened
after the implement of NATP project.
Several private seedsmen have also been marketing hybrid vegetable
varieties, either directly imported and relabelled or developed
by crossing exotic parents and hybrid seeds produced indigenously.
Some of these F1 hybrids are in tomato "Rupali", "Vaishali",
and "Naveen" from Bangalore, "Hybrid S-15",
"Hybrid S-16" and "Samirudhi" from Jalna and
SG-12" and SG-9" from Calcutta; in capsicum "Bharat"
from Bangalore; 'Early Bounty' and Sutquot;
from Bangalore; 'Early Bounty' and Suttons Gen Gant from Calcutta;
in watermelon "Madhu and Milan" from Bangalore; in cabbage
"Ganesh Gole", "No. 8" and "Hirirani"
from Jalna". in cucumber "Priya" from Bangalore.
There are many more being offered by other seedsmen as well but
their adoiption is comparatively slow.
Research on breeding for disease/pest resistance has resulted
in the release of twenty four varieties. 'Pusa Sawani' variety
of okra developed as resistant to yellow-vein-mosaic virus is
the first example of successful disease resistance breeding in
vegetable crops in India. A list of resistant varieties of different
crops released so far is given in Table 9.
Besides the development of a number of high yielding varieties,
efforts have been made to devbelop package of practices for getting
maximum economic returns. A large number of agronomical practices
have also been developed to grow almost all vegetable crops under
varied agro-climatic conditions. Similarly several control measures
for protecting these crops from the attack of various diseases
and insect pests have been found out. Under the All India Coordinated
Research Project alone 34 agronomical recommendations relating
to spacing, nutritional requirements, idations relating
to spacing, nutritional requirements, irrigation and weed control
in 11 vegetable crops, namely brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, chillies,
muskmelon, okra, onion, peas, radish, tomato, and watermelon have
been made. For chemical control of major diseases and insect-pests
recommendations have been made in 11 vegetable crops namely; bottle
gourd, brinjal, cauliflower chillies, muskmelon, okra onion, peas,
tomato, turnip and watermelon. Thus 55 measures against major
diseases and insect-pests have been standardised. Recommendations
have also been made for increasing yield of tomato and brinjal
by application of chemical growth regulators like mixatgalol and
2,4-D respectively.
Technology has been developed and prefected for the production
of vegetable seeds in general and that for temperate vegetables
in the hilly region of the country in particular. Techniques for
post-harvest management are also being developed.
Since available of superior quality seeds is the most important
single input for production of vegetable crops tremendous attention
is required to be paid on strengthening of research on seed production
technology of these crops. Therefore, the efforts for research
and production of Breeder's seed of these crops are being intensified.
Accordingly, production of Breederf's Seed of vegetables has been
included in the National Seeds Project during the Seventhded in the National Seeds Project during the Seventh Plant
which is operating at elevel centres, namely; IARI Karnal (Haryana),
IARI- Katrain (H.P.), IIHR Bangalore (Karnataka); PAU Ludhiana
(Punjab), CSAUAT, Kanpur (U.P.), BCKVV Pedong (W.B.), MPKV Rahuri
(M.S.), YSPUHF Solan (H.P.), JNKVV Jabalpur (M.P.), APAU Lam (A.P.),
and TNAU Coimbatore (T.N.). About 100 tonnes of breeders seed
is being produced annually against an average requirement of 36
tonnes which forms the basis of multiplication of superior quality
foundation and certified seed. Even this limited quantity of breeder
seed is not being utilised properly. The largest beneficiary of
the breederf seed viz. N.S.C. is presently producing only about
650 tonnes of certified seed whereas private seed industry contributes
about 2000 tonnes besides contribution of other cerftified state
seed agencies amount to 500-1000 tonnes. Thus present quality
of breedr seed could have fulfilled. Certified seed requirement
to the extent of 30% it is doing so only to the extent of 13-15%.
Recently the Govt. of India has launched a scheme on intensification
of vegetable production through which funds have been put at the
disposal of central institutes and the state agricultural universities
to intensify production of breeders, foundation and certified
seed to overcome the wide gap in seed requirement. The result
of these efforts are yet to be known. The new seed policy of the
Govt. of India affords enough licy of the
Govt. of India affords enough opportunity of introducing new useful
genes through the import of improved vegetable varieties and F1
hybrid seeds. This may pave the way for utilizing these promising
genes for developing new high yielding, disease and insect-pest
resistant varieties and F1 hybrids possessing tolerance to abiotic
factors.
Development of a large number of improved varieties and wider
adaptability and standardisation of their production technologies
for various agro-climatic conditions has made it possible to produce
vegetables in wider areas and has improved the prospects of their
supply tremendously as follows.
| i) Garden pea: | variety 'Arkel' has revolutionised the production of early peas in all pea growing areas. |
| ii) Cauliflower: | variety 'Pusa Early Synthetic' has adapted to warm climatic conditions of Tamil Nadu and has made it possible to grow cauliflower commercially in this non-traditional area. |
| iii) Watermelon: | variety 'Sugar Baby' has spread fast in entire Northern and Eastern India and has benefitted both the growers with better remuneration and the consumers witth better remuneration and the consumers with superior quality. Another variety 'Arka Manik' has made a dent in the Southern and South-Western parts of the country. |
| iv) Okra: | variety 'Pusa Sawani' bred for resistance to yellow vein mosaic virus prone areas/seasons replaced all other local varieties from cultivation all over the country. |
| v) Tomato: | variety Pusa 'Sel-120' has made it possible to achieve high yields of quality produce in root-know nematode infested soils. With the released of cold tolerant variety 'Pusa Sheetal', we can now grow tomatoes all the year round. |
| vi) Radish: | with appropriate choice of suitable varieties for specific seasons now we can grow radish round the years. |
| vii) Onion: | Until 1978, Kharif onion cultivation was only grown in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. However, identification of variety N-53 and ADR and development of technology for kharif onion has enabled to get two crops of onion annually in Northern India where it used to be only a winter/spring crop. |
| viii) F1 Hybrids: | There has been an alroere has been an alround appreciation of growing of F1 hybrids in vegetable crops. Sizeable area of 20,000 ha. is estimated to be covered under tomato hybrids in Karnataka, Maharashtra & Southern Gujarat. Similarly the area under F1 hybrid of cabbage is estimated at about 8,000 ha. |
Despite a large number of varieties and hybrids developed, the
productivity of vegetable crops has not improved. Varieties with
longer shelf life and suitable for processing are very few. Multiple
disease resistant varieties are yet to be developed. Although
a lot of work on heterosis breeding in vegetable crops has been
done in the country, yet there is acute dearth of real good hybrids
in crops like tomato, cabbage, cauliflower, onion etc. Vegetable
based cropping systems have not been developed so far, which puts
these crops at a disadvantage for fitting them in crop rotations.
Excessive use of pesticides has created problems of pesticide
residues and hence there is a need for integrated pest and disease
control.
Briefly, these gaps are identified as follows:
While significant progress has already been made there are still
several kproblems to be tackled. For this, the following research
priorities have been identified.
1) Breeding for resistance to abiotic factors viz. diseases and
insect-pests such as:-
| Tomato | leaf curl virus, TMV bacterial wilt,phytopthora blight, fruit borer. |
| Brinjal | fruit and shoot borer, bacterial wilt, little leaf. |
| Okra | yellow vein mosaic and pod borer |
| Chillies | virus and pest complex |
| Onion | purple blotch, stemphylium (moth and thrips). |
| Cucurbits | downy mildew, powdery, CMV, fruit fly. |
| Cole crops | Sclerotinia, Alternaria and soft rot. |
| Peas | Powdery mildew |
| Beans | Septoria, mosaic virus and b |
| Beans | Septoria, mosaic virus and bruchus |
2) Breeding for resistance to abiotic stresses eg. salinity, alkalinity,
salt tolerance and stress environment e.g. hot set and cold set
tomatoes.
3) Heterosis breeding in onion, tomato, cabbage, cauliflower,
cucurbits, brinjal, and capsicum.
4) Breeding for nutritional and processing qualities in vegetables
like tomato, onion, peas and garlic (dehydration).
5) Use of biotechnology for incorporation of resistance to disease/pests/abiotic
stresses.
6) Intensification of research on seed production of temperate,
tropical and sub-tropical vegetables and intensification of breeders
seed production programme.
7) Export oriented research on vegetables like onion, chillies,
okra, peas, tomato, brinjal, cucumber, cauliflowr and cabbage.
8) Developing efficienht cropping systems.
9) Research on growing vegetables in protected environments.
10) Research on off-season vegetable production and under exploited
vegetables.
11) Studies on insecticidal residues.
Attavar, M., 1988. Vegetables - Hybrid Seeds Catching up. Survey
of Indian Agriculture. The Hindu pp. 147-149.
Chadha, K.L. and Ramphal, 1990. Vegetable Research in India In
Proceedings of Workshop held at Islamabad, Pakistan, Sept. 24-29,
1990 pp 106-ia In
Proceedings of Workshop held at Islamabad, Pakistan, Sept. 24-29,
1990 pp 106-119.
Chadha, K.L. Seshaderi, V.S., 1989. Vegetable Crops. Hybrid Seeds
hold the key. The Hindu Suvey of Indian Agriculture, pp. 209-214.
Chowdhary, B., 1978. Three decades of vegetable research. Indian
Horticulture 44: 38-40.
| States | Area (ha) | Production (tonnes) | |
| Andhra Pradesh | 316030 | 1200211 | |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 26300 | 69360 | |
| Assam | 91497 | 205151 | |
| Bihar | 368000 | 444500 | |
| Goa | 170 | 590 | |
| Gujarat | 97000 | 1277700 | |
| Haryana | 55400 | 418700 | |
| Himachal Pradesh | |||
| Himachal Pradesh | 25680 | 249150 | |
| Jammu & Kashmir | 13600 | 93000 | |
| Karnataka | 121260 | 1876358 | |
| Kerala | 15250 | 143484 | |
| Madhya Pradesh | 854442 | 1372077 | |
| Maharashtra | 309300 | 115700 | |
| Manipur | 1450 | 60500 | |
| Meghaglaya | 40130 | 111360 | |
| Mizoram | 2100 | 6263 | |
| Nagaland | 62700 | 42820 | |
| Orissa | 566320 | 4200390 | |
| Punjab | 99800 | 2146000 | |
| Rajasthan | Rajasthan | 41876 | 143381 |
| Sikkim | 3800 | 23000 | |
| Tamil Nadu | 51295 | 551200 | |
| Tripura | 22500 | 174000 | |
| Uttar Pradesh | 757966 | 9774900 | |
| West Bengal | 376000 | 2760914 | |
| Andaman and Nicobar | 2700 | 16200 | |
| Chandigarh | - | 1970 | |
| Dadar Nagar Haveli | - | 13460 | |
| Delhi | 3325 | 266522 | |
| Lakhshadweep | 325 | 368 | |
| Pandicherry | 141 | 1128 |
| Crops |
|
|
| |
| Ashgourd | 2497 | 15326 | 6.13 | |
| Beet root | 2164 | 36260 | 16.75 | |
| Bittergourd | 26004 | 162196 | 6.23 | |
| Bottle gourd | 116939 | 1428296 | 12.21 | |
| Brinjal | 299770 | 3124487 | 10.46 | |
| Cabbage | 113450 | 1631690 | 14.38 | |
| Capsicum | 4783 | 42230IGN="RIGHT" WIDTH=80>4783 | 42230 | 8.83 |
| Carrot | 20124 | 2870007 | 14.26 | |
| Cauliflower | 238632 | 3394897 | 14.22 | |
| Chilli | 441050 | 919339 | l2.02 | |
| Cowpeas | 23012 | 133587 | 5.80 | |
| Cucumber | 16288 | 105690 | 6.48 | |
| Dolichos | 600 | 9000 | 15.00 | |
| French bean | 4268 | 24778 | 5.80 | |
| Garlic | 41842 | 218985 | 5.23 | |
| Leaf vegetables | 111840 | 731158 | 731158 | 6.53 |
| Longmelon | 500 | 7500 | 15.00 | |
| Luffa | 73273 | 685224 | 9.35 | |
| Methi | 13510 | 83600 | 6.19 | |
| Muskmelon | 28484 | 625414 | 21.95 | |
| Okra | 369684 | 2326616 | 6.28 | |
| Onion | 280915 | 3181067 | 11.32 | |
| Other beans | 168645 | 349490 | 2.52 | |
| Other cole crops | 16007 | 195424 | 12.20 | |
| Other gourds | 109846 | 659239 | 14.32 | |
| 14.32 | ||||
| Peas | 146991 | 2105686 | 12.35 | |
| Pumpkin | 43137 | 532779 | 11.91 | |
| Radish | 67345 | 802529 | 12.77 | |
| Ridge gourd | 10040 | 128310 | 15.85 | |
| Tomato | 290279 | 4603446 | 15.85 | |
| Watermelon | 16194 | 205884 | 12.71 |
| Field Crops | |||||
| Cereal Crops | |||||
| Commercial crops | |||||
| Oilseeds | |||||
| Horticultural Crops | |||||
| Fruits | |||||
| Vegetables | |||||
| Potato & tuber Crops | |||||
| Floriculture & Medicinal Plants | |||||
| Plantation Crops and Cashew | |||||
| Crops | in VII Plan | for VIII Plan |
| Cereal Crops | 1457.31 | 3311.68 |
| Commercial Crops | 497.42 | 1040.72 |
| Oilseeds | 154.16 | 511.79 |
| Total | 2108.89 | 4864.19 |
| Horticulture Crops | ||
| Fruits | ||
| Fruits | 168.74 | 594.20 |
| Vegetables | 78.03 | 269.81 |
| Potato & Tuber Crops | 201.33 | 499.69 |
| Floriculture & Medicinal Plants | 29.30 | 127.77 |
| Plantation Crops | 196.27 | 549.59 |
| Spices | 39.25 | 138.40 |
| Post-harvest Technology
(Fruits & Vegetables) | 43.06 | 69.80 |
| Total Horticulture | 755.98 | 2249.26 |
| Field Crop | |||
| Food Crops | |||
| Cerea | |||
| Cereal Crops | 9139 | 2213 | |
| Commercial Crops | 2919 | 688 | |
| Oilseeds | 1122 | 419 | |
| Total | 13180 | 3322 | |
| Horticulture Crops | |||
| Fruits | 1076 | 306 | |
| Vegetables | 505 | 163 | |
| Potato & Tuber Crops | 1295 | 347 | |
| Floriculture & Medicinal Plants | 173 | 88 | |
| Plantation Crops | 1201 | 232 | |
| Post-harvest Technology
(Fruits & Vegetables) | 212 | 212 | 71 |
| Total | 4462 | 1207 |
Crop Varieties released through Others
Central Variety Release
Committee.
A.SOLANACEOUS CROPS
1. Brinjal:
a) Long Pusa Anupma, Pant Samart, ARU-IC, ARU-2C,
PH-4, Pusa Kranti, Pusa Azad Kranti, H-7,
purple cluster,Punjab K-202-9,NDB-25,Pusa
Barasti purple long
b) Round Jamuni Gole Baingan, Arka Navneet,BB-7
Pant Rituraj BWR-12,H-8, Pusa
Hybrid-6, T-3.
c) Small Aruna -
Round
d) Green - Arka Kusumkar
2. Peppers
a) Capsicum - Kt-I
b) Chillies Andhra Jyoti, J-218, K-2, Bhagyalakshmi,
Musalwadi,Pusa Jwala, LDC-206, sel-I
X-235
3. Tomato
a) Determi- HS-101, Pusa Earli Dwarf BT-1,CO3, KS-2, La-
nate Pusa Gaurav, S-12 Bonita, Punjab
ate Pusa Gaurav, S-12 Bonita, Punjab
Chhauhhara,
Punjab Kesri, Sel-7.
b) Indete- Arka Vikas, Pant Bahar Arka Saurabh,
minate Pant T-3 Pusa Ruby, Sel-120
Sioux, Pant T-2.
B.COLE CROPS
1. Cabbage Pusa Mukta --
2. Cauliflower --
a) Early Early Kunwari, Pusa Early Synthetic
Pusa Deepali, 235-S.
b) Mid - Pusa Synthetic, Improved Japanese,
season Pant Shubhara Pusa Shubara.
c) Late Pusa Snowball-1, Snowball-16
Pusa Snowball-2
Pusa Snowball-K-1.
C.LUGUMINOUS CROPS
1. Cowpea - Pusa Komal
2. Dolichos - Deepaliwal
3. French Bean VL-Boni, Arka Komal -
Pant Anupma.
4. Pea
a) Early Arkel Jawahar Matar-4,
Early December,PM-2,
Mattar Agata-6,JP-4
b) Mid- Jawahar Matar-I Bonneville, Lincoln,
season VL-3 P-88, PRS-4, Pant Uphar.
D.CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS
1. Mu P-88, PRS-4, Pant Uphar.
D.CUCURBITACEOUS CROPS
1. Muskmelon Hara madhu, Punjab Hybrid. Arka Jeet, Arka Rajhans,
Pusa Sharbati,Punjab Durgapura Madhu,Hybrid
sunheri M-3, Pusa Madhuras.
2. Pumpkin Arka Chandan, Ambali, Arka Suryamukhi
Pusa Vishwas
3. Watermelon Arka Manik, Sugar Baby Arka Jyoti, Durgapoura
Meetha.
E.BULB CROPS
1. Garlic Jamuna Safed, -
Agri-Found White
2. Onion
a) Red Agrifound Dark Red, Arka Kalyan,
Arka Niketan, N-2-4-1, N-257-9-1
Pusa Madhvi Punjab Selection,
Punjab Red Round, Pusa Ratnar,
Punjab Naroya Pusa Red,
VL-3,ALR.
b) White - Pusa White Flat,
Pusa White Round
PB-48.
F. ROOT
Carrot Pusa Yamdagni --
G.OTHER CROPS
Orka -- P-7, Parbhani
Kranti, Sel-2,
Sel-10 (IIHR)
| Crops | Variety | |
| Solanaceous Crops | ||
| a) Brinjal | Annamalai, Azad B-1, Co-1, Gujarat Brinjal-6, Junagadh Oblong, Kalianpur Type 3, MDU-1. Punjab Neelam,Sada Bahar Bangan,Punjab Moti,BH-1,BH-2 | |
| b) Tomato | Azad T-2, Kalianpur Angoorlata, Kalianpur-1, NTDR-1, PKM-1, Punjab Tropic,PNR-7,TH2312, TH802 | |
| c) Chillies | Chanchal, Co-1, CO-2, DH-76-6, Gujarat Chillies, K-1, MDH-1, Pant C-1, Sindhur, CH-1,Punjab Gushedar,Punjab surkh,Punjab lal | |
| Bulb Crops | ||
| Onion | CO-4, MDU-1, VL-Piaze-67, CO-1, CO-3, Kalianpur Red Round, Punjab white. | |
| Root Crops | ||
| Radish | CO-1, Kalianpur No.1, Punjab Safed. Co-1, Punjab pasand. | |
| Leafy Vegetables. | ables. | |
| Methi | Co-1 | |
| Leguminous Crops | ||
| a) Cowpea | Birsa Sweta | |
| b) French Bean | Bisra Priya (Pole), Watex (Bush) | |
| c) Dolichos Bean | Co-8 (bush), Co-9 (bush), CO-10 (bush), Kalianpur T-2 (Pole), Rajni (Pole). | |
| d) Cluster bean | Durga bahar | |
| e) Garden peas | Azad P-1, Hara Bona, JM-2, JM-3, JM-5 Madhu, Punjab-87,Mithi fali. | |
| Cucurbitaceous Crops | ||
| a) Ashgourd | CO-2 | |
| b) Bitter gourd | Kalianpura Baramasi, MDH-1, & Piriya, CO-1. BG-14,C96. | |
| c) Bottle gourd | Co-1, Kalianpur Long Green | |
| d) Cucumber | Kalianpur Green | |
| e) Muskmelon | Gujarat Muskmelon-1, Gujarat Muskmelon-2, | |
| f) Ridge goud | CO-1, CO-2, PKM-1, Punjab Sadabahar. | |
| g) Summer Squash | Punjab Chappan Kaddu-1. | |
| h) Snakegourd | PKM-1, CO-1. | |
| i) Sponge gourd | Kalianpura Hari Chikni | |
| j) Tinda | S-48. | |
| k) Watermelon | Durgapura Kesar. |
| Crop | Hybrid | Source | Year | ||||
| Realised | Potential | ||||||
| Eggplant | Arka Navneet | IIHR | 1981 | 1981 | |||
| Pusa Hybrid-6 | IARI | 1990 | |||||
| Pusa Hybrid-5 | IARI | 1992 | |||||
| ARBH-201 | ANKUR | 1993 | |||||
| NDBH-1 | Faizabad | 1993 | |||||
| ABH-1 | Anand | 1993 | |||||
| MHB-10 | JALNA | 1993 | |||||
| MHB-39 | JALNA | 1993 | |||||
| Capsicum | KT-1 | IARI | 1990 | ||||
| Tomato | FMH-2 | IIHR | 1993 | ||||
| Pusa Hyb.2 | IARI | 1993 | |||||
| MTH-6 | MAHYCO | 1992 | |||||
| ARTH-4 | ANKUR | 1992 | |||||
| ARTH-3 | ANKUR | 1992 | |||||
| Carrot | Hyb-1 | MAHYCO | 1992 | ||||
| Cauliflower | Pusa Syn. | IARI | 1981 | ||||
| Pusa Early synthetic | IARI | 1990 | IARI | 1990 | |||
| Pusa hybrid-2 | IARI | 1992 | |||||
| Cabbage | Nath-401 | Aurangabad | 1993 | ||||
| Pusa syn. | IARI | 1992 | |||||
| Sri ganesh gol | MAHYCO | 1992 | |||||
| Muskmelon | Pb.Hybrid | PAU | 1985 | ||||
| Pusa Rasraj | IARI | 1990 | |||||
| Watermelon | Arka jyoti | IIHR | 1981 | ||||
| Bottle-gourd | Pusa meDTH=121>Bottle-gourd | Pusa meghdut | IARI | 1971 | |||
| Pusa Manjari | IARI | 1971 | |||||
| Summer squash | Pusa Alankar | IARI | 1972 | ||||
| Cucumber | Pusa sanyog | IARI | 1973 | ||||
| Crop | Variety | Disease/Insect Pest | Source | ||
| Brinjal | BWR-12 | Bacterial Wilt
(Pseudomonas solanacearum) | IIHR-Bangalore | ||
| Pant Rituraj | -do- | Pangnagar | |||
| Pant Samrat | Bacterial Wilt (P.solanaoearum)
Phomopsis Blight (Phomopsi8s vexans) Shoot & Fruit Borer & Jassids. | Pantnagar | |||
| Pusa Purple Cluster | Bacterial Wilt (P.solanacearum) | IARI,New Delhi | |||
| BB-7 | -do- | Bhubaneswar | |||
| Pusa Bhairav | Phomopsis Blight (P.vexans)\ | -do- | |||
| Cabbage | SEL-8 | Black Rot (Xanthomonas campestris) | IARI-Katrain | ||
| Cauliflower | Pusa Shubra | Black Rot | IARI-New Delhi | ||
| Pusa Snowball K-1 | Black Rot | IARI-Katrain | |||
| Chilli | Pusa Jawala>Chilli | Pusa Jawala | Leaf Curl (CMV & PVY) | IARI-New Delhi | |
| Pb. lal | -do- | PAU,Ludhiana | |||
| Cowpea | Pusa komal | Bacterial Blight
(Xanthomonas vignicola). | IARI-New Delhi | ||
| Muskmelon | Arka Rajhans | Powery Mildew
(Sphaerothica fubginea) | IIHR-Bangalore | ||
| Pb. Rasila | -do- | PAU,Ludhiana | |||
| Okra | Sel-10 | Y.V.M.Virus | IIHR-Bangalore | ||
| Sel-2 | Y.V.M.Virus | NBPGR-New Delhi | |||
| P-7,P-8 | Y.V.M.Virus | PAU-Ludhiana | |||
| Parbhani Kranti | Y.V.M.Virus | MAU-Parbhani | |||
| Pea | PRS-4 | Powdery Mildew | Pantnagar | ||
| PM-2 | Powdery Mildew | Pantnagar | |||
| JP-4 | Powdery Mildew
& Rust (Uromycess pisi) | Pantnagar | |||
| Tomato | BT-1 | Bacterial Wilt | Bhubaneswar | ||
| Pant Bahar | Varticilium Wilt (Verticicum sps) & Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum). | Pantnagar | |||
| SEL-120 | Root Knot Nematode
M.incognita M.arneria & M.javanica | IARI-New Delhi | |||
| PNR-7 | PNR-7 | -do- | PAU,Ludhiana |