NB : 1 mu = 674.5 m²

From 1949 to 1982, the total fruit production registered a 640% increase, of which apple reached three million tons in 1983, 30 times that of 1949 (only 0. I million tons).

Along with the rapid development of fruit production, many specialized pomology institutes were established, of which, four were national ones, 28 at provincial, municipal or autonomous region level, 3 departments of horticulture of agricultural universities and there were other 20 institutes at district level. 49 agricultural universities set up 35 pomology section. According to the statistics in 1979, there were 1963 pomologists working on fruit tree research in the whole country.

During the last thirty-five years, some good progresses were made in fruit tree research:
 

I. Germplasm

Through long tenn exploration, some nelected superior cultivars have been found, such as Kuerhlei Xiangli (P. Sinkiangenses Yu) , Yellow flesh flat peach at Kashi, Walnut fruiting biannually at Aksu, Xinjiang and Fufeng, Shaanxi, continuously fruiting walnut at Ziyang County, Shaanxi, late maturity peach in Qinling Mountain and Henan, extremely late peach at Changyi County, Shandong, Xuetiao (red flesh peach) peach in Shandong and Hebei, Jiefangzhong Loquat, continuously fruiting lichee at Huidong County, Guangdong, red flesh lichee at Guangzhou, seedless clausena lansium.

The Mountainous area in southwest China is a rich citrus gennplasm center. In recent years, a new species of papeda Hassk, Citrus honghoensis YLDL was found at Hongho County, Yunnan Province. A new species of C. Medica, C. Medica L. var yunnanensis S. Q. Ding was found at Binchuan County, Yunnan Province. A new variety of C. Meidca, C. Medica L. var muliensis W.D. et Y., was found at Muli Tibetan Autonomous County in Sichuan was discovered and C. Grandis-junos, a natural hybrid of C. Grandis (L.) osbeck was found at Xiushan County, Sichuan Province. Malus Xiaojinensis Cheng et Jiang, a new species of Malus discovered at Xiaojin, Markang and Lixian counties in Sichuan. Some natural fruit forests still exist in Chie natural fruit forests still exist in China, such as Malus Sieversii Ledeb at Gongliu, Xinyuan, Huocheng and Yining in Xinjiang, wild citrus at Dao County and natural inhabitants of Lichee at Wuzi Mountain region, Hainan. According to the report made by the crop investigation team to Tibet organized by the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the cultivated and wild fruit trees are divided into 18 families, 33 genus, 106 species or varieties. It is worth noticing that the Tibetan peach, (Prunus mira (Koehne)Kovet Kost) one of the wild fruit trees is widely distributed in Tibet.
 

II. Newly developed fruits

1. Kiwi fruit (Actinidia)

2. Hawthom, Grataegus Pinnatifida Bge

3. Rosa roxburghii Tratt

III. Breeding

III. Breeding

1. Hybrid breeding:

2. Seedling selection

3. Bud mutation

4. Introduction

IV. Stocks

The Botanical Garden, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences collected 15 types, 19 pyrus species to observe the morphorlogical characters of the fruit, seed and seedlings and the gennination so as to lay the foundation for stock selection and material cn so as to lay the foundation for stock selection and material characterization.

The pomology Institute of the Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences compared the stocks of Citrus aurantium L. during the period from 1952-1982, which includes 19 species and cultivars. The comparison described the effect of different stocks on the growth, fruiting, yield, fruit quality and stress tolerance in citrus.

For dwarf apple stock breeding, through hybrid breeding, semi-dwarf stocks with cold tolerance such as 63-2-19, 63-2-22, 65-4-6 and GM-256 stock were developed. Dichotomanthus trislaniaecarpa kurg in Yunnan and Cotoneaster multiflorus Bge in Shanxi were used as apple stocks. Those two does not belong to apple species. If the incompatibility was not appeared when the grafting was done, it would become the advanced experience in the world.
 

V. Cultural Practice

Chemical flower and fruit thining was adopted instead of traditional method. Growth regulator was also applied on fruit trees. For instance Gibberellin treated seedless grape, the fruit became bigger and the weight increased for 1-4 times. Ethylene spraying on flat peach in autumn season prolonged the flowering period for 3-4 days or even 7-11 days to reduce late frost damage.

Herbicides application experiments were conducted in the orchard.
 

VI. Storage

Growth regulators was applied in fruit storage to prolong the storage. 10-20ppm gibberellin was sprayed 15-30 days before the citrus fruit picking, which delayed the peel structure decaying, dispearing of chlorophyll, carroten like accumulag, dispearing of chlorophyll, carroten like accumulation and the peel softening, indirectly control decaying, so that the storage life could be prolonged.
 

VlI. Tissue Culture

VIll. Others

Cytology research were initiated. Meiosis of microspore, mother cell and the morphological index in 62 varieties and types of 6 families, 14 species and 35 races had been identified.
 

IX. Prospect

Thirty-Five Years of Research on Vegetable Crops

Main Achievements

Before the foundation of the People's Republic of China, the study on vegetable science and technology was very weak and undertaken only by a few technicians tight budget and limited facilities. Along with the production development after the foundation of the People's Republic of China, vegetable research institutes (Departments) were set up in most of the provinces, cities autonomous regions and some large cities. There have been eight institutes, 16 research departments in provincial level, and 16 institutes, 50 departments (groups) in cvel, and 16 institutes, 50 departments (groups) in county level. Besides, the Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, a professional national vegetable specialized institute was founded. Vegetable specially was set up in most of agricultural colleges and universities, where students specialized in vegetable research were trained. Working staff on vegetable study was increasing year by year, and the research condition has also been improving. Cooperating with farmers, vegetable technicians have gained great achievement and made great contribution to the vegetable production and technology in the past 3 5 years.
 

I. Germplasm Resources

After the 3 rd National Vegetable Scientific Research Cooperation Conference held in 1979, study on vegetable gerrnplasm resource resumed to conduct very quickly. More than 16 thousands local germplasm accessions were collected and sorted out, and some materials on the brink of ruin were saved. Through the investigation in broader area such as Yunnan, Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang and Tibet etc., many rare vegetables were discovered. For instance, Bana cucumber, Black seed pumpkin, red eggplant, Kohlrabi etc. All these achievement has laid a firm foundation for vegetable germplasm resource study in China. Besides, some classification study was conducted to Chinese cabbage, south collard, turnip, mustard and tuber crops. Some vegetables or vegetables with local characteristics enjoying good reputation have been observed and identified on their biological characteristics and economical characters. For instance, Taihe Chinese toon, Taihu water shield, Zhangqun green onion, Fuling mustard, Yangzhou Chinese artichoke, Huainan big-root mustard etc.
 

II. Variety Introduction

Seed exchange also leads to the introduction of some improved breeding materials. For instance, original tomato materials containing Tm. Tm2 Tm2 nv and Tm2 a genes and with TMV resistance, and cucumber gynoecius lines. Along with some wild tomato materials, these were applied to Chinese vegetable breeding, and some improved varieties were released from it. At the same time, China also provided a great amount of improved varieties to overseas for exchange, which became valuable materials to vegetable breeding in many countries and played an important role in it.
 

III. Breeding

1. Traditional Breeding

2. Utilization of Hybrid Vigor

Selection and breeding for FI hybrid started comparatively late in China. Since 1960s, a few units have started studying the hybrid seed production technology, and some combination were selected and bred. Short after that, some cabbage and Chinese Cabbage selfincompatibility lines, male sterile AB lines, turnip male sterile lines, cucumber gynaecomorph, tomato and pepper sterilitas, incompatibility lines were bred and rer sterilitas, incompatibility lines were bred and released. Besides, emasculation by chemicals and technology of artificial hybrid seed production were studied. These works created favorable conditions for the production of FI hybrid in large scale in China, for the reduction of seed production costs, and for the improvement of seed quality, and filled in gaps in this aspect. A large amount of improved FI hybrids with good quality were successfully selected and bred by making use of the above-mentioned selected lines, for instance, cabbage Jingfeng 1, Baochun, Qingfeng, Yuanchun, Wanfeng, Xiaguang, Xinpingtou, Chunqiudafeng, Jinzao2 etc, Chinese Cabbage hybrid Shuangqing 156, Qinghuai 169, Beijing 106, Beijing 100, Xiaoza 8, Shangdong 4, Qingzaizhongfeng, Qingza 4, Liushizao, Jiza etc., cucumber hybrid Changqing, Xlaqing, Jlngxu, Longzahuang, Zhongnong I 101 etc., dwarf cabbage hybrid, dwarf red tomato Puhong, Zhehong, Xianghong, Yuhong, Jiali etc., sweet pepper Shuangfeng, Tianza, snake eggplant etc. According to the incomplete statistics, among 20 kinds of vegetables, more than 400 improved Fl hybrid vegetable varieties have been bred and released, and quickly been extended and applied to practical production. The total extension area covers an area of three million mu.
 

3. Breeding for Disease Resistance

4. Other Means of Breeding

According to statistics, among 23 major vegetables all over China, more than 1000 new varieties, including some varieties without being popularization, excluding water melons and sweet melons, were released through introduction, selection, breeding, utilization of hybrid vigor and artificial mutation.

Major vegetable varieties in China were renewed for two to three times. The seed multiplication of improved varieties is strengthened. The country wide regional experiments for new varieties of Chinese Cabbage, tomato, cabbage and cucumbers are also started.
 

cucumbers are also started.
 

IV. Cultivation

In consequence of the long vegetable cultivation history of China, some cultivation technology with Chinese characteristics have been formulated from the long period of production practice. The technology was broadly extended and applied in practical production after it was carefully investigated and summarized. For instance, high yield technology for Chinese cabbage, tomato, Benincada hispidas (wax gourd), cucumber, garlic and cowpeas etc., cultivation technology for vegetable early maturity and cultivation technology for protected fields etc. In the last decade, some important problems have been concentrated and studied under the unitary cooperation plan, and valuable results were achieved.
 

1. PlastiC Tunnel Cultivation

A set of cultivation management technology for the increase of tunnel yield and economic effect has been studied and achieved. fruit vegetables such as tomatoes, cucumbers, sweet peppers and eggplants and some vegetables with cold tolerance can be brought into market 20 days to two months earlier, which ease the vegetable supply shortage situation in April in North China, and it also renewed the top yield record with 20 tons per mu for cucumber and 12.5 tons per mu for tomatoes. tunnel production developed so quickly that some south areas alsoadopted this technology in recent years, and the adoption area has reached years, and the adoption area has reached 100,000 mu with larger range of utilization.
 

2. Mulching Technology

After the mulching technology was introduced from Japan in 1978, some research work has been started on studying and manufacturing mulch film and mulch-laying machine. the result proved that after the covering in early spring, vegetables could grow mature I 0 to 20 days early with 20% - 100% yield increasing. Besides, it also possesses advantages as saving water, saving labor, saving fertilizer, preventing waterlogging, tolerance to coldness, and avoiding alkali. So far, there has been more than 30 kinds of mulching vegetables whose planting area has reached more than 720, 000 mu.
 

3. Industrial Seedling Growth Technology

The industrial seedling growth coordination plan was drafted in 1979 in the third National Vegetable Scientific and Research Coordination meeting, and it was decided to study and reform the seedling growth technology. The five year experimental outlets indicated that the best way is to lay underground heating lines in plastic tunnels or glasshouses to heat the soul so that to control the soil temperature 30 centigrade in daytime and 25 centigrade at night in early period, and 25 centigrade in daytime 18 centigrade at night in late period, by which means, seedling period could be shortened one third. This technology was demonshortened one third. This technology was demonstrated and extended in more than ten provinces and municipalities.
 

V. Tissue Culture

Tissue culture research made great progress in the last ten years. Haploid plants have been successfully produced from the culture of isolated anther and their progeny have been obtained. The list includes the following genera: eggplant, tomato, Chinese Cabbage, hot pepper and sweet pepper. +++The anther cultured plants of eggplant were also grown from the embryoid successfully in China for the first time. Anther cultured plants were also induced from the nutritional organ explants, the young sprouts of garlic, potato stem tips, Lilly scale, flower tips of daylily, the young embryos of Chinese cabbage, cabbage, hot pepper and tomato and triploid watermelon culture+++. This is of great significance to the improvement of breeding efficiency, speeding up seed multiplication, developing virus-free clone regeneration, conserving valuable materials and overcoming the sterility of hybrid. Besides, protoplasm culture of cucumber, tomato and carrot also make some progress. Remarkable evaluation for the above-mentioned achievements are granted by the international communities.
 

VI. Storage for Retaining Freshness

Research on storage for retaining freshness also made some progress in recent years. Keeping in cold storage of zero centigrade, spinach,ing in cold storage of zero centigrade, spinach, lettuces, cauliflower's covered with plastic bags can be kept for one to three months. Fast frozen storage for spinach, Chinese cabbages, kidney beans, hot peppers, wild rice stems, cucumbers, celery, mushrooms, cauliflower, heart of cabbages and tomatoes can be industrially produced. The after-ripening of tomatoes, sweet peppers and hot peppers and young garlic shoots could be checked by treating them with gamma -ray. Bolting and taking adventitious roots of Chinese cabbages, turnips and carrots could be checked with some treatment to kidney beans during its storage. After ripening and turning red of tomatoes and sweet peppers could be checked by storing with air conditioning. Sprouting of onion, potatoes and garlic could be checked by spraying maleic hydrazide. Besides, it was also studied that cucumbers would suffer some damage caused by low temperature, and after the cold damage, the permeability of cell membrane is aggrandized. This study research provided basis for improving vegetable storage conditions.
 

VIl. Plant Protection

On the basis of prior research work of the rules of diseases and pest damage and its protection, some study and identification of some toxins and etiology, for example tobacco mosaic virus for tomatoes, hot peppers and eggplants, cucumber mosaic virus, Chinese cabbage and tumip mosaic virus, cucumber blight, and black rot for Chinese cabmber blight, and black rot for Chinese cabbage etc., and their causative conditions. In order to idcntify the disease resistance characteristics of vegetable varieties, some new aerological methods such as Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, agar double diffusion technique, latex agglutination test, osmophoresis technique etc. and some blight identification methods such as inoculating embryonic foot with suspension were utilized to speed up the identification process and improve its accurate. Comprehensive prevention and control of plant diseases and elimination of pests have achieved remarkable results. Downy mildew and blight in tunnels were effectively prevented and controlled by controlling the ecological conditions in tunnels, grafting and utilizing chemicals. The glasshouse white fly was prevented and controlled by comprehensive measures including encarsia Formosa, physical and chemical methods. Cabbage caterpillars and diamondback moth could be controlled by utilizing particle viruses. These techniques have been extended and applied in practical production. It also achieved remarkable results on preventing tobacco mosaic virus by utilizing weak lines of plant viruses, on keeping aphids away by using silver gray covers which reflects light, and on reducing virus damage, and on proper selection and utilization of herbicide.
 

VIll. Other Achievements

Deep study on genetic performance and genetic regulationgenetic performance and genetic regulations of the important economic characteristics of some major vegetables such as Chinese cabbage, turnips, cabbages and tomatoes were studied and developed. Peroxidase isodynamic enzyme analysis was utilized in tomato and Chinese cabbage F I hybrid. The sterile lines of Chinese cabbage and cabbage with sterile cytoplasm of mustard, tumip, and rutabaga were obtained by hybridization transformation. It possesses stable sterility and materials of different economic characteristics types are available. This achievement lays foundation for utilizing Chinese cabbage and cabbage male sterile lines to produce F I hybrids.

Conceming vegetable cytological research, the observation and analysis to the caryotype and Giemsa Belt type of daylily started and developed. Observation to meiosis of chromosomes of Hanzhongdongjiu has proved that it is natural tetraploid. These achievements provided some valuable reference for the investigation and utilization of resources, and for the vegetable breeding.

The research result on the control effect of hormone to gender expression of cucumber and gourd indicates that ethrel phosphoric acid can increase the amount of female flower, but it requires a period of time. Gibberellin can increase the amount of male flowers, and it also affects the activity of peroxidase on meristem tissue.

Research on the growth, development and organ formation of the heart of calopment and organ formation of the heart of cabbages, on the growing circulation of white gourd and tomato, as well as on the organ formation of garlic would provide scientific basis on outside expression and inside skeleton for making up reasonable cultivation technology.
 

IX. Conclusion

It can be proved from the incomplete information mentioned above that Chinese vegetable scientists and researchers have done a great deal of work in the past 35 years. However, it should also be aware that some problems still exist. For instance, the vegetable production supply is not balanced enough, some vegetables do not yield highly enough, the quality of vegetables still leaves much to be desired, the prevention and control of diseases and pests is not fully satisfactory, variety with disease resistance, high yield and good quality is still short in need, cultivation technology for protected field, research on germplasm resources, research on storage and processing is still waiting to be strengthened. Vegetable scientists will make further contributions to meet people's daily increasing demand in people's daily life.

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Main Achievements in Ornamental Plants:

35 Years Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China.

Ornamental horticulture is to study the classification, growth habit, propagation, culture, application, breeding, production, management, pot gardencation, breeding, production, management, pot gardening, flower garden, park, landscape planning and design, management of flowers, woody plants, turf-grass, gross layers etc. Before 1949, landscape construction was insignificant to mention and the scientific achievements was scarcely made. However, since the founding of the People's Republic of China, research on traditional famous flowers (plum flower, tree-peony camellia, azalea, sweet osmanthus, orchid, chrysanthemum, peony, narcissus and lotus flower) was carried out. The native place, cultural history, classification, introduction and domestication of plum flower were systematically explored. A system of classification of Chinese Plum cultivars was established. The China Plum Flower Research Center was established at Wuhan, Hubei, and other two subcenters were also established one at Wuxi, Jiangsu and another one at Chengdu, Sichuan. The research on germplasm resources, wide crossing classification, instruction and domestication etc. were explored. A lot of research work were conducted in tree-peony such as tree-peony taxonomy, books entitle " Tree-peony and Peony Flower Shape Classification" 1981, " Caozhou Tree-peony" 1959, " Heze Tree-peony" 1980 etc. Were published one after another. In recent years, the exploration of wide crossing, tissue culture, cytology of treepeony in Luoyang, Heze and Beijing was conducted.

The achievements in camellia gave the presentation of cultivar sortmentve the presentation of cultivar sortment of camellia reticulate and the brief history, growth habit, culture and cultivar description and classification of Japanese Camellia. Some books and papers entitled " Pictorial Handbook of Yunnan Camellia Reticulata", " Yunnan Camellia Reticulata", " Camellia", " Camellia and Its Flora Research" etc. were published. The classification system of rose bay was firstly raised our by the Chinese Scientists and 297 varieties native to China were characterized. Research in chrysanthemum included chrysanthemum origin, breeding, cytology research, tissue culture. Research on lotus flower classification, hybrid breeding (including wide crossing, multiploid breeding, chromosome variation etc.), orchard germplasm resources classification, tissue culture cytology and hybrid breeding were initiated. Research on peony, narcissus, sweat osmanthus etc. was undertaken.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, florists paid much attention to the germplasm resources of ornamental plants. Apart from the collection, sortment and classification of traditional famous flowers cultivars, some achievements was obtained in the collection and introduction of lily, orange daylily, common dahlia, common crapemyrtle, willowleaf spirae, old-fashioned weigela, mockorange etc. The wild ornamental plants germplasm resources exploration and introduction were carried out in Qinling Mountain (Shaanxi and Gansu), Tiainling Mountain (Shaanxi and Gansu), Tianmu Mountain (Zhejiang), Jigong Mountain (Henan), Baihua Mountain (Beijing), Changbai Mountain (Jilin), Shennongjia (Hubei), Dinghushan (Guangdong), Lushan Mountain (Jiangxi), Huangshan (Anhui), Yunnan etc.

The woody plants investigation and planning started after liberation and continued in the following years.

Accomplishments in physiology and culture, propagation, pot gardening was achieved, such as seed viability, germination physiology, fast seedling raising of woody plants, experiment in new rose stock, sexual propagation of sago, pot gardening etc.

Omamental plants breeding, progress was made in breeding of plum flower, orchid, chrysanthemum, lotus flowers and others such as hybrid lily, multiploid orange daylily, rose, setose asparagus, crocus, Begonia semperflorens Link et Otto, Pawlonia elongata, chivia nobilis etc. In radiation breeding, India canna, common snapdragon, London plane-tree were treated with 60 Co-r and some of the treated materials were mutated.
 
 

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