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HORTICULTURAL RESEARCH IN BANGLADESH

Dr. S.M. Monowar Hossain
Chief Scientific Officer, < Hossain
Chief Scientific Officer,
Olericulture Division,
Horticulture Research Centre,
Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute,
Joydebpur, Gazipur-1701,
Bangladesh.

Bangladesh Profile

Bangladesh is located in the North-eastern part of South Asia, stretching between 20⁰ 34' and 26⁰ 38' North latitude and between 88⁰ 01' and 92⁰ 41' East longitude. It has a land mass of 143999 km² with a population of about 118 million. The country is small but has diverse ecosystems like hills, planes, coastal and wet lands. The climate is mainly tropical. Temperature ranges from 5⁰c to 28⁰c in winter and from 22⁰c to 40⁰c in the summer. Average rainfall varies from 1430 mm in the North and North-west to 4338 mm in the East and South-east. Agriculture is predominant with a cropped area of 13.71 million hectare and 179% cropping intensity. Agro-ecology of the country is divided in 30 AEZs (Table 1). High and medium high lands are mostly suitable for horticultural crops production.

Table 1. Land type, soil and climatic characteristics of all agro-ecological regions

AEZ	Total soil	Land type (%)			Land type (%)			Climate
No.	area (ha)	High	Medium high	Medium low & low	Mean annual temp. (0c)	Mean annual rainfall (mm)
1	373989	58	34	1	25.0	1750-2500
2	61718	2	72	0	24.5	1750-2000
3	858956	35	51	5	25.5-26.0	25.5-26.0	1750-2100
4	221181	23	44	19	25.5-26.0	1600-1800
5	81350	2	8	86	25.5-26.0	1500-1700
6	9027	-	-	70	25.0	1400-1500
7	223690	5	37	28	24.5-26.5	1800-2700
8	518561	18	42	28	24.5-26.5	1900-2300
9		9	651010	28	25	27	24.5-26.5	2000-2500
10	223750	12	33	22	25.5-26.0	1700-2000
11	1171050	43	32	14	25.5-26.0	1500-1700
12	703547	13	29	45	25.5-26.0	1700-2000
13	1399873	2	78	2	26.0-26.5	2100-2500
14	215706	215706	3	13	80	26.0-26.5	1750-1900
15	12415	-	-	86	26.5	1750-1800
16	113677	<1	8	65	25.8-26.5	2000-2500
17	66607	14	28	31	25.5	2400-3100
18	487261	<1	45	7	25.5-26.0	2500-3400
19	641220	2	24		24	57	25.5-26.0	2000-3000
20	398529	5	25	56	24.5-25.5	Habiganj Dist : 2800-3500 Maulvibazar-Sylhet : 3500-5000
21	409204	<1	4	85	24.5-25.5	2800-3500
22	364016	33	31	26	24.5-26.0	Netrokona Dist : 2700-4000 Sunamganj Dist : 4000-5500
23	273134	17	43	13	25.5-26.0	2500-3200
24	788		788	33	63	2	25.5-26.0	3200-3300
25	457752	30	55	6	25.5-26.0	1500-1600
26	150855	93	1	<1	25.0-26.0	1400-1500
27	100407	36	56	1	25.4-25.5	1600-1750
28	381512	56	18	16	24.5-25.5	1750-2000
29	1726785	92	92	2	1	24.5-25.5	2400-3000
30	10654	55	11	28	25.5	2400-2500

Two cropping seasons are recognised, rabi (cool and dry months : October-March) and kharif (hot and humid months : April-September). More crops are grown in rabi because of favourable climate.

Horticultural Crops Area And Production

Bangladesh is blessed with many horticultural crops. More than 90 vegetables, 60 fruits and 25 spices are being grown in the country (Appendix-1). Major vegetables include potato, tomato, brinjal, cabbage, cauliflower, aroids, pumpkin, bottle gourd, cucumber, pointed gourd, bitter grourd, hyacinth bean and yard long bean. In case of fruits, banana, pineapple, papaya, jackfruit, mango, guava, lemons, pummelo, litchi and jujube are important. Major spice crops are chilli, onion, garlic, turmeric and ginger. Flowers and ornamental plants including orchids are innumerable and their statistics on number and extent of cultivation/nd their statistics on number and extent of cultivation/ production are not available. Some of the popular flowers are rose, gladiolus, tube rose, dahlia, chrysanthemum, marigold, night jasmines and belly. The total cultivated area of horticultural crops is about 0.69 million hectare which is about 5% of the total cropped area (BBS 1996). Area, production and yield of vegetables, fruits, spices, potato and sweet potato are presented in Table 2.

Table 2. Area, production and yield of vegetables, fruits, spices, potato and sweet potato

Crops	Area (000 ha)	Production (000 ton)	Yield (t/ha)
Vegetables	192	1244	6.29
Fruits	181	1488	8.24
Spices	144	304	2.12
Potato	132	1442>132	1442	10.92
Sweet potato	45	435	9.67
Total	694	4913	-

Source : BBS, 1995-96

Growth analysis of different horticultural crops during the period from 1984-85 to 1995-96 revealed that the area under sweet potato and spices has been decreasing whereas potato, vegetables and fruits acreage shows increasing trend. Production and yield of all horticultural crops have an increasing trend (Table 3). However, growth rate of some crops is shown in Appendix 2.

Table 3. Growth analysis of potato, sweet potato, vegetables, fruits and spices crops (1984-85 to 19995-96)

ENTER>

Sl. No.	Crops	Area	Production	Yield
1.	Potato	2.113	3.040	0.903
0.903
2.	Sweet potato	-2.479	7.420	1.481
3.	Summer vegetables	3.833	4.470	0.520
4.	Winter vegetables	2.394	2.885	0.708
5.	Fruits	1.217	0.393	0.841
6.	Spices	-0.012	0.680	0.698

Horticultural Organisations

A. Research Institutes

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) : Research on horticultural crops is the domain of public organisation. BARI has the national mandate to conduct research on horticultural crops in the areas of breeding, production techniques, pest management, soil and wate, production techniques, pest management, soil and water management, biotechnology, post-harvest technology, marketing and economics of the produce. All the research programs of horticultural crops of BARI are carried out mainly by its three centres namely Horticulture Research Centre (HRC), Tuber Crops Research Centre (TCRC) and Spices Research Centre (SRC). Manpower along with budget provision and physical infrastructures of different centres are presented in Tables 4 and 5 respectively.

a) HRC was established in 1989 with its head quarter at Joydebpur and four Regional Centres (Organogram Appendix 3). ADB and FAO/UNDP provided financial support besides Government of Bangladesh in establishing the centre. The centre is headed by Director. It is responsible for the improvement of yield and quality of fruits, vegetables, flower and ornamentals through research and participation in their development activities. At present laboratories are being equipped with modern equipments and computers.

Table 4. Manpower and budget provision of different centre of BARI

Centre	Research		Technical		Administration		Research Funds
	Number	Salary (mill $) *	Number	Salary (mill $)	Number	Salary (mill $)	(mill $)
HRC	152	0.300	185	0.201	109	0.114	0.128
TCRC	37	0.04	45	0.04	50	0.043	0.23
SRC	21	0.038	15	0.01	19	0.003	0.092

* Salary for 1995-96

b) TCRC was established in 1986 under BARI renaming of Potato Research ed in 1986 under BARI renaming of Potato Research Centre. It received its financial support from Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) under the Crop Diversification Programme. The main thrust of this centre is to undertake research on potato, sweet potato and aroids for their higher yield and better quality. The centre is headed by a Director and supported by 37 scientists. Its headquarter is at Joydebpur but other research stations are at Debiganj, Munshiganj, Jamalpur, Pahartali, Jessore and Bogra. Activities of the centre are also carried out at the laboratories on tissue culture, pest management and post harvest technology.

Table 5. Physical infrastructures of different centre of BARI

Centres	Laboratory		Farm		Net/Mist house		Post harvest/Seed storage
	No.	Size (m2)	No.	Total Area (ha)	No.	Size (m2)	No.	No.	Size (m3)
HRC	12	1000	5	100	6	1000	1	60
TCRC	3	80	6	65	10	1200	2	20
SRC	4	200	8	55	-	-	1	50

HRC = Horticulture Research Centre
TCRC = Tuber Crops Research Centre
SRC = Spices Research Centre

c) SRC was established in 1994 with entire financial support from the Government of Bangladesh. Improvement of the spice crops production and quality through research is the primary objective of the centre. Its headquarts the primary objective of the centre. Its headquarter is located in Bogra. The other research stations are situated at Magura, Lalmanirhat, Jaintapur, Khagrachari, Comilla and Faridpur. The centre is headed by a Project Director and 21 scientists. Infra-structural facilities development works are in progress.

International and Regional Co-operation

Research on different horticultural crops is also supported by regional and international organisations and networks. The Asian Vegetable Research and Development Centre (AVRDC) has been supporting vegetable research programme through training, expertise services, financial and logistic support. Further, the co-operation among the SAARC countries to exchange germplasm, information, test elite varieties, and resolve vegetables related problems common to the region is going under the South Asian Vegetables Research Network (SAVERNET) supported by AVRDC and Asian Development Bank (ADB).

FAO is supporting the breeder's seeds production and their maintenance through training, developing infrastructure facilities, expertise services under the project "Strengthening of National Vegetable Program in Bangladesh".

Japanese International Co-operation Agency (JICA) provided support in vegetables through training, supplying germplasm, laboratory chemicals and equipments, expertise service under Technical Assistance Program.

Internavice under Technical Assistance Program.

International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) and National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, India are assisting the Plant Genetic Resources Centre of BARI for collection and conservation of different horticultural as well as non-horticultural crops.

BARI is the member of Under Utilised Fruits of Asia Network (UTFANET), Coconut Genetic Resources Network (COGENT) and International Network for the Improvement of Banana and Plantain (INIBAP).

CIP has been supporting the TCRC activities for training, collection of germplasm and exchange of information on potato and sweet potato.

Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) is involved in horticultural crop improvement especially on vegetables through radiation on a limited scale.

B. Educational Organisations

Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU) and Institute of Post Graduate Studies in Agriculture (IPSA) conduct research on horticultural crops as part of their post graduate degree program in horticulture. Some teachers of the Department of horticulture both at BAU and IPSA have projects on horticultural crops. Both the organisations have laboratory facilities on tissue culture, physiology, pest management, research farm, computer services and library for the faculty and students. JICA and USAID assisted in the establishment of IPSA and its manpower develsisted in the establishment of IPSA and its manpower development.

C. Other organisations

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council encourages horticultural research through contract research programmes, manpower development, international linkage and financial support to the institutes.

Involvement of private organisations and NGOs in horticultural crop research is limited. Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) focuses on screening salt tolerant vegetable varieties and developing appropriate management techniques for vegetable production in saline char through its farming system research and extension programme.

East-West Seed Co. (a joint venture Co.) recently started development of research farm and other infrastructure in Gazipur to conduct research on breeding and seed technology of the vegetable crops with commercial motive.

Research Activities

BARI scientists conduct research on various horticultural crops as per programs approved by the central committee of the institute under the guidance of Director (Research). The salient features of the programs are as follows :

I) Genetic resources

• Collection of germplasms from both home and abroad. Priority has been given on indigenous vegetables, fruits, spices, flowers and orchids
• Evaluation and characterisation of collected germplasms by the respective crop research centre
• Conservationd germplasms by the respective crop research centre
• Conservation of seeds for medium term by the centres and long term at PGRC and in situ conservation of fruit species at different stations of BARI
• Exchange of germplasms both at national and international level.
  
  
  

II) Crop improvement

Most of the vegetables, fruits and spices grown in Bangladesh are low yielding and susceptible to various biotic and abiotic stresses. Therefore, emphasis has been given on :

• Introduction of improved varieties/hybrids of vegetables, fruits, spices and potato through trials at different AEZs
• Development of improved varieties of tomato, brinjal, cucurbits, cauliflower and radish for kharif and rabi seasons through conventional breeding
• High priority to develop varieties resistant to bacterial wilt, shoot and fruit borer (brinjal), virus in okra, tomato, chilli, bacterial wilt in tomato
• Development of improved varieties of onion, chilli through hybridisation and selection. Clonal selection of ginger and turmeric
• Development of F₁ hybrids in brinjal, tomato, watermelon, bottle gourd and other cucurbits where seed production is not difficult and expensive
• Hybridisation of mango, coconut and litchi
• Clonal selection of commercial fruit species/varieties
• Regional performance trial of selected promising lines of different horticultural crops
• Variety development from Trudifferent horticultural crops
• Variety development from True Potato Seed progenies
• Hybridisation of sweet potato and development of sweet potato variety
• Clonal selection of aroids.
  
  
  

III) Crop propagation

Crop propagation is constrained by the absence of appropriate technology to produce good quality vegetative propagules and seed/seedlings. The research programme focuses :

• Improvement of vegetative propagation techniques (eg. Grafting, budding) of important commercial as well as newly released varieties of fruits
• Standardisation of techniques in budding of jujube, stone graftings of mango and veneer grfting of jackfruit
• Selection of root stock and compatibility studies of scion and stock in citrus fruits
• Production of seedlings/sapling's with better management of nursery
• Improvement of seed production techniques of the newly released varieties
• Maintenance of vigour and viability of seeds in processing and storage
• True Potato Seed (TPS) production techniques
  
  
  

IV) Crop production

Any crop production whether vegetable or fruit requires an integrated technology system from planting to harvesting to maximise yield and quality. Multidisciplinary approach has been made to develop such a technology system. Crop production research program thus provides priority on the following areas :

• Soil health improvemen provides priority on the following areas :
  • Soil health improvement through integrated nutrient management
  • Recommendation for well balanced use of fertilisers and micro-nutrients where deficiency is acute
  • Efficient use of irrigation water and improvement of drainage system of major horticultural crops
  • Development of vegetables based cropping systems such relay cropping and inter-cropping
  • Improvement of agronomic techniques such planting time, plant geometry etc.
  • Use of growth regulators in promoting flower (eg. pineapple, potato), better fruit set (summer tomato) and sex modification (teasle grourd, cucumber)
  • Production techniques on off season vegetables like tomato and cauliflower during summer-rainy season under polythene using hormone
  • Development of year round vegetable production model for home garden.
    
    
    

  V) Crop protection

  Horticultural crops need protection from diseases, insects, weeds and air pollutants. Some of the major diseases are bacterial wilt (tomato, brinjal) anthracnose (chilli, beans, mango, guava), powdery mildew (cucurbits), purple blotch (onion), virus (okra, tomato, citrus, beans, potato), blight (potato, aroids), soft rot (cabbage, cauliflower, jackfruit), bud rot in coconut. The major insects are fruit and shoot borer (brinjal, pumpkin), fruit fly (cucurbits), aphids (beans and cole crops), leaf hoppers (mango) and fruit weevil (mango, banana), fruit borer ppers (mango) and fruit weevil (mango, banana), fruit borer weevil (jackfruit), leaf miners (citrus, tomato) and thrips. Malformation in mango, papaya, blossom end rot in tomato are some of the physiological disorders. Research thrust is being given on major diseases and insects of important horticultural crops.
  

  Research program on pest management has the following highlights :

  • Screening of germplasms especially vegetables and spices against major disease and insects
  • Biology and aetiology of insects
  • Identification of diseases and epidemiology
  • Trial of different pesticides and botanicals
  • Integrated pest management techniques development
  • Resurgence study of insects
  • Identification of predators and parasitoids
  • Biological control of soil borne diseases of potato by Trichoderma sp.
  • Use of sex pheromones in controlling potato tuber moth and sweet potato weevil
    
    
    

  VI) Biotechnology

  Bio-technology particularly tissue culture is getting high priority in horticultural crop multiplication and improvement. Research thrust is focused on :

  • Development of micro propagation techniques of jackfruit, litchi, banana, pummelo, gladiolus, chrysanthemum etc.
  • Embryo culture techniques for teasle gourd, watermelon and aroids
  • Development of in vitro preservation techniques of vegetatively propagated horticultural crops and recalcitrant specs of vegetatively propagated horticultural crops and recalcitrant species
  • Elimination of virus in potato by meristem culture
  • In vitro propagation of potato plants, papaya and mandarin (from Nuclear seedlings)
  • Development of techniques for in vitro maintenance of aroids
    
    
    

  VII) Postharvest technology

  A substantial amount of horticultural crops like vegetables, fruits, spices are spoiled every year after harvest due to bacterial and fungal infection (improper harvesting, curing, packaging, handling during transportation and storage). Research program on post harvest technology of horticultural crops provides importance to the following areas :

  • Heat processing
  • Application of cold temperature
  • Fermentation and pickling
  • Drying and dehydration
  • Concentration
  • Extension of shelf life

  Fruits namely guava, palmyra palm, hog plum, mango, jackfruit, vegetables such as potato, tomato, onion, cabbage and flowers like gladiolus, tuberose, orchids are on the priority list in postharvest research program.
  
  
  

  VII) Economics and marketing

  The Economics Division of BARI in collaboration with crop research centres carry out research on various socio-economic issues of horticultural crops production and marketing. Some highlights of the research programs are :

  • Survey on the production status, constraints and marketingrams are :
    • Survey on the production status, constraints and marketing of important horticultural crops
    • Documentation of production costs and return of horticultural crops under different farm categories
    • Adoption studies of technology and its impact assessment
    • Growth rate (%) and trend analysis of major fruits, vegetables, potato and spice crops
      
      
      

    Research Achievements

    Some achievements of different organisations are presented below :
    

    Achievements of BARI

    • 3980 vegetables, 303 spices, 20938 root and tuber crops, 602 fruit germplasms of which 67 grapes had been collected from home and abroad
    • 24 vegetables, 5 spices, 12 potato, 7 root crops and 16 fruit varieties have been developed. Varieties released under different crops are presented in Table 6.
    • Standardise production practices of important horticultural crops
    • Off season production of tomato and cauliflower
    • Seed production technology package of cabbage, radish, carrot, cauliflower and potato
    • Potato production from true potato seeds
    • Vegetative propagation of jackfruit, jujube and carambola
    • Harvest index of major mango varieties
    • Tissue culture protocol for jackfruit, banana, gladiolus
    • Processed products from jackfruit, mango, guava, palmyra palm, tomato, radish and eggplant
    • Control measures of major insectpests and diseases

    Table 6. Released varieties of differensts and diseases

  Table 6. Released varieties of different horticultural crops.
  

  Vegetable	Fruits	Tuber crops	Spices
  Tomato-5	Mango-2	Potato-12	Turmeric-2
  Radish-2	Guava-2	Sweet potato-5	Onion-1
  Brinjal-3	Twaikar-1	Aroids-2	Coriander-1
  Garden pea-2	Papaya-1		Black pepper-1
  Country bean-2	Wax apple-1
  Cabbage-1	Longan-1
  Chinese cabbage-1	Mandarine-1
  Bottle gourd-1	Pummelo-2
  Watermelon-1	Coconut-2
  Okra-1	Bettle nut-1	kra-1	Bettle nut-1
  Bush bean-1	Sapota-1
  Leafy vegetable-4	Litchi-3

  
  
  

  Achievements of Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture

  • Release of winter tomato variety "Bahar"
  • Release of two summer tomato varieties

  Achievements of Bangladesh Agricultural University

  • Established orchard of 47 types jackfruit
  • Generated improved production technology of banana
  • Standardisation of production technology for different species of citrus
  • Collection and documentation of indigenous potato varieties
  • Improved technique of cauliflower seed production

  Achievements of Institute of Post Graduate Studies in Agriculture (IPSA)

  • IPSA Sheem-1 and IPSA Sheem-2
  • IPSA guava
  • IPSA ash gourd (high female)
  • Protocol to develop roots in thuja plants
  • Virus free potato tuberlets production
    
    
    

  ---

  Future Strategy

  The present production of horticultural crops is far below than the requirement. However, the demand of the crops will increase further by 2010 with the increase of population (Table 7).
  

  Table 7. Projected population and requirncrease of population (Table 7).
  

  Table 7. Projected population and requirement of vegetables, fruits, potato and sweet potato
  

  Year	Population (million)*	Requirements (million ton)**
  		Fruits	Vegetables	Potato	Sweet potato
  1995	118.99	3.04	8.67	5.43	1.09
  1996	121.02	3.09	8.83	5.52	1.10
  1997	123.07	3.14	8.98	5.62	1.12
  1998	125.17	125.17	3.20	9.14	5.71	1.14
  1999	127.29	3.25	9.29	5.81	1.16
  2000	129.46	3.31	9.45	5.91	1.18
  2001	131.27	3.35	9.58	5.99	1.20
  2002	133.11	3.40	9.72	6.07	1.21
  2003	134.97	3.45	9.85	6.16	6.16	1.23
  2004	136.86	3.50	9.99	6.24	1.25
  2005	138.78	3.55	10.13	6.33	1.27
  2006	140.16	3.58	10.23	6.39	1.28
  2007	141.57	3.62	10.33	6.46	1.29
  2008	142.98	3.65	10.44	6.52	1.30
  2009	144.41	3.64.41	3.69	10.54	6.69	1.32
  2010	145.86	3.73	10.65	6.65	1.33

  * Projected population cited as per Hossain and Elias (1994). Socio-economic potential of vegetable crops : Present status and future needs. In AVRDC Publication No. 94-2430. P. 102.
  * Recommended requirement : Vegetables 200 g/person/day, Fruits 70 g/person/day, Potato 125 g/person/day and Sweet potato 25 g/person/day
  
  

  So, we have to produce and consume more vegetables, fruits and tuber crops to meet the dietary requirement. Besides, Bangladesh is also facing different problems which include depletion of soil fertility, increasing salinity, decline in groundwater level, outbreak of new insect pests, temperature rise, heavy rainfall, unprecedented flood, drought among others. Likewise, human needs are also changing. As a consequence, farmers are asking for varieties having high yield potentiality, resistant to pests and stress environment. Consumers prefer high nutritive value, good taste and attractive crop varieties. Exporters demand crops having high export vaieties. Exporters demand crops having high export values. Processing industries of horticultural crops look for varieties appropriate to their industry. Therefore, our future challenges will be to generate technology appropriate to grow crops under different environments and meet the changing needs of the people as well as industries. Research thrust hence, should be given in strengthening -
  

  • Plant genetic resource base and their utilisation in crop improvement
  • Biotechnology and conventional breeding programme for the development of varieties and related technologies
  • Off season horticultural crops production technologies
  • Research on vegetative propagation and seed technologies
  • Integrated water, nutrient and pest management for better soil health and environment
  • Technology generation to suit the needs of horticultural crop based industries and export.
    
    
    

  ---

  Appendix 1a
  

  FRUITS GROWN IN BANGLADESH
  

  optera

  Sl.No.	English name	Local name	Scientific name	Family
  1.	Dessert Banana	Kola		Dessert Banana	Kola	Musa spp.	Musaceae
  2.	Plantain	Anazi kola	Musa sp.	Musaceae
  3.	Seeded Banana	Bichi Kala	Musa spp.	Musaceae
  4.	Mango	Aam	Mangifera indica	Anacardiaceae
  5.	Cashewnut	Kajubadam	Anacardium occidentale	Anacardiaceae
  6.	Hogplum	Deshi Amra	Spondias mangifera	Anacardiaceae
  7.	Golden Apple	Bilati Amra	Spondias dulcis	Anacardiaceae
  8.	Guava	Peyara	Psidium guajava	Myrtaceae
  9.	Jamun	Jam	Syzygium cuminii20>Jam	Syzygium cuminii	Myrtaceae
  10.	Rose Apple	Golapzam	Syzygium jambos	Myrtaceae
  11.	Wax Apple	Zamrul	Eugenia javanica	Myrtaceae
  12.	Lemon	Elachi lebu	Citrus limon	Rutaceae
  13.	Lime	Kagzi lebu	C. aurantifolia	Rutaceae
  14.	Pummelo	Batabi lebu	Citrus grandis	Rutaceae
  15.	Wood apple	Bel	Aegle marmelos	Rutaceae
  16.	Mandarin	Kamla	Citrus reticulata	Rutaceae
  17.	Satkara	Satkara	Citrus macroptera	Rutaceae
  Rutaceae
  18.	Taikar	Taikar	Citrus sp.	Rutaceae
  19.	Sweet Orange	Malta	Citrus sinensis	Rutaceae
  20.	Elephant's Foot Apple	Kodbel	Feronia limonia	Rutaceae
  21.	Coconut	Narikel	Cocos nucifera	Palmae
  22.	Palmyara Palm	Taal	Borassus flabellifer	Palmae
  23.	Date Palm	Khejur	Phoenix sylvestris	Palmae
  24.	Jackfruit	Kathal	Artocarpus heterophyllus	Moraceae
  25.	Monkey Jack	Deoa	Artocarpus lakoocha	Moraceae
  Moraceae
  26.	Aonla	Amloki	Emblica officinalis	Euphorbiaceae
  27.	Star Gooseberry	Arborai	Phyllanthus distichus	Euphorbiaceae
  28.	Lotka	Lotka	Baccaurea sapida	Euphorbiaceae
  29.	Litchi	Lichu	Litchi chinensis	Sapindaceae
  30.	Longan	Ashphal	Dimocarpus longan	Sapindaceae
  31.	Sapota	Shafada	Achras zapota	Sapotaceae
  32.	Star Apple	Taroka phal	Chrvsophyllum cainito	Sapotaceae
  33.	Pear	Nashpati	Pyrus communis	Rosaceae
  34.
  34.	Loquat	Loquat	Eriobotrya japonica	Rosaceae
  35.	River Ebony	Gab	Diospyros peregrina	Ebenaceae
  36.	Velvety Apple	Bilati Gab	Diospyros discolor	Ebenaceae
  37.	Persimmon	Parsimon	Diospyra kaki	Ebenaceae
  38.	Baichi	Baichi	Flacourtia indica	Flacourtiaceae
  39.	Flacourtia	Lukluki	Flacourtia jangomas	Flacourtiaceae
  40.	Carambola	Kamranga	Averrhoa carambola	Oxalidaceae
  41.	Bilimbi	Bilimbi	Averrhoa bilimbi	Oxalidaceae
  42lidaceae
  42.	Bullock's Heart	Ata	Annona reticulata	Annonaceae
  43.	Custard Apple	Sharifa	Annona squamosa	Annonaceae
  44.	Soursop	Tak Ata	Annona mavricata	Annonaceae
  45.	Kauphal	Kauphal	Garcinia cowa	Guttiferae
  46.	Daophal	Daophal	Cearcinia xanthochymus	Guttiferae
  47.	Pineapple	Anarash	Ananas comosus	Bromiliaceae
  48.	Jujube	Kul	Zizyphus mauritiana	Rhamnaceae
  49.	Papaya	Papay	Carica papaya	Caricaceae
  50.		50.	Avocado	Avocado	Persea americana	Lauraceae
  51.	Elephant Apple	Chalta	Dillenia indica	Dilleniaceae
  52.	Fig	Dumur	Ficus carica	Urticaceae
  53.	Grape	Angur	Vitis vinifera / V. labrusca	Vitaceae
  54.	Indian Olive	Jalpai	Olea europaea	Oleaceae
  55.	Karonda	Karamcha	Carissa congesta	Apocynaceae
  56.	Passion Fruit	Passion Phal	Passiflora edulis	Passifloraceae
  57.	Phalsa	Phalsa	Grewia asiatica	Tiliaceae
  58.	Pomeg=51>58.	Pomegranate	Dalim	Punica granatum	Punicaceae
  59.	Tamarind	Tentul	Tamarindus indica	Leguminosae
  60.	Water Chestnut	Paniphal	Trapa bicornis	Onagraceae
  61.	Macadamia nut	Macadamia nut	Macadamia integrifolia	Proteaceae

  
  
  
  

  ---

  Appendix 1b
  

  VEGETABLES GROWN IN BANGLADESH
  

  <

  Sl.No.	English name	Local name	Scientific name	Family
  1.	Cabbage	Bandhakapi	Brassica oleracea var. capitata	Cruciferae
  2.	Cauliflower	PhuER>2.	Cauliflower	Phul kopi	Brassica oleracea var. botrytis	Cruciferae
  3.	Broccoli	Sabuj phulkopi	Brassica oleracea var. italica	Cruciferae
  4.	Kholrabi	Olkapi	Brassica oleracea var. gongyloides	Cruciferae
  5.	Chinese cabbage	China kapi	Brassica chinensis	Cruciferae
  6.	Petsai	Batisak	Brassica chinensis	Cruciferae
  7.	Saishin	Chinasak	Brassica parachinensis	Cruciferae
  8.	Mustard green	Sarisha sak	Brassica campestris	Cruciferae
  9.	Turnip	Shalgom	Brassica rapa	Cruciferae
  10.
  10.	Radish	Mula	Raphanus sativus	Cruciferae
  11.	Brussels sprouts	-	Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera	Cruciferae
  12.	Water cress	Shachi	Nasturtium officinale	Cruciferae
  13.	Pea	Motor	Pisum sativum	Leguminaceae
  14.	Hyacinth bean	Seem	Lablab niger	Leguminaceae
  15.	String bean	Barbati	Vigna sesquipedalis	Leguminaceae
  16.	French bean	Jhar seem	Phaseolus vulgaris	Leguminaceae
  17.	Winged bean	Kamranga seem	Psophocarpus tetragonolobus	Leguminaceae
  18minaceae
  18.	Sword bean	Makhan seem	Conavalia ensiformis	Leguminaceae
  19.	Lima bean	Rukuri	Phaseolus limensis	Leguminaceae
  20.	Vegetable soybean	Soyabean	Ghycime max	Leguminaceae
  21.	Tripatri leaves	Tripatrishak	Desmodium trifolium DC	Leguminaceae
  22.	Yam bean	Sakalu	Pachyrrhizus tuberosa	Leguminaceae
  23.	Sweet gourd	Misti kumra	Cucurbita moschata	Cucurbitaceae
  24.	Bottle gourd	Lau	Lagenaria siceraria	Cucurbitaceae
  25.	Wax gourd	Chal kumra	Benincasa cerifera	Cucurincasa cerifera	Cucurbitaceae
  26.	Cucumber	Shasha	Cucumis sativus	Cucurbitaceae
  27.	Cucumber (short)	Khira	Cucumis anguina	Cucurbitaceae
  28.	Ribbed gourd	Jhinga	Luffa acutagula	Cucurbitaceae
  29.	Sponse gourd	Dhundul	Luffa cylindrica	Cucurbitaceae
  30.	Bitter gourd (small)	Ucchee	Momordica charantia	Cucurbitaceae
  31.	Bitter gourd	Karala	Momordica charantia	Cucurbitaceae
  32.	Teasle gourd	Kakrol	Momordica dioica	Cucurbitaceae
  33.	Palwal	Patal	Trichosanthes dioica	Trichosanthes dioica	Cucurbitaceae
  34.	Snake gourd	Chichinga	Trichosanthes anguina	Cucurbitaceae
  35.	Squash	Squash	Cucurbita pepo	Cucurbitaceae
  36.	Muskmelon	Bangi	Cucumis melo	Cucurbitaceae
  37.	Snap melon	Futi	Cucumis melo	Cucurbitaceae
  38.	Oriental melon	Chinar	Cucumis melo	Cucurbitaceae
  39.	Watermelon	Tarmuj	Citrullus lanatus	Cucurbitaceae
  40.	Potato	Alu	Solanum tuberosum	Solanaceae
  41.	Brinjal	Begoon	Solanum melongena	Solanum melongena	Solanaceae
  42.	Tomato	Tomato	Lycopersicon esculentum	Solanaceae
  43.	Sweet pepper	Misti marich	Capsicum annuum	Solanaceae
  44.	Chilli	Jhal marich	Capsicum spp.	Solanaceae
  45.	Okra	Dherosh	Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench	Malvaceae
  46.	Rozelle	Chukur	Hibiscus sabdariffa	Malvaceae
  47.	Stem amaranth	Danta	Amaranthus lividus	Amaranthaceae
  48.	Red amaranth	Lalsak	Amaranthus gangeticus	Amaranthaceae
  49.	Spiny amaranth	Katanotey	AmarD WIDTH=99>Katanotey	Amaranthus spinosus	Amaranthaceae
  50.	Leaf amaranth	Shaknotey	Amaranthus viridis L.	Amaranthaceae
  51.	Chanchi	Chanchi	Alternanthera sessilis DC	Amaranthaceae
  52.	Indian spinach (green)	Puishak (sabuj)	Basella alba	Basellacease
  53.	Indian spinach (red)	Puishak (lal)	Basella rubra	Basellacease
  54.	Spinach	Palongshak	Spinacia oleracea L.	Chenopodiaceae
  55.	Beet	Beet	Beta vulgaris	Chenopodiaceae
  56.	Bathua	Bathua	Chenopodium album	Chenopodiaceae
  57.	Helencha 57.	Helencha	Helencha	Enhydra fluctuans	Compositeae
  58.	Lettuce	Lettuce	Lactuca sativa var. capitata	Compositeae
  59.	Water spinach	Kalmi	Ipomoea aquatica Forsk	Convolvualceae
  60.	Kangkong	Gimakalmi	Ipomoea reptans L.	Convolvualceae
  61.	Sweet potato	Misti alu	Ipomoea batatas (L.) Poir	Convolvualceae
  62.	Carrot	Gajor	Daucus carota	Umbelliferae
  63.	Thankuni	Thankuni	Centella japonica L.	Umbelliferae
  64.	Parseley	Parseley	Petorselinum crispum	Umbelliferae
  65.
  65.	Celery	Celery	Apium graveolens L.	Umbelliferae
  66.	White yam	Matey alu	Dioscorea alata	Dioscoreaceae
  67.	Pesta alu	Pesta alu	Dioscorea bulbifera	Dioscoreaceae
  68.	Cassava	Shimul alu	Manihot schott	Euphorbiaceae
  69.	Eddoe	Mukhikachu	Colocasia schott	Araceae
  70.	Taro	Panikachu	Colocasia schott	Araceae
  71.	Tannia	Dudkachu	Xanthosoma violaceum	Araceae
  72.	Tannia	Moulavikachu	Xanthosoma atrovirens	Araceae
  73.		73.	Giant taro	Mankachu	Alocasia macrorrhiza	Araceae
  74.	Elephant foot aroid	Olkachu	Amorphophallus campanulatus	Araceae
  75.	Drumstick	Sajina	Moringa oleifera	Moringaceae
  76.	Plantain	Kanchkala	Musa paradisiaca	Musaceae
  77.	Green papaya	Papay	Carica papaya	Caricaceae
  78.	Bunching onion	Bunching onion	Allium fistulosum	Liliaceae
  79.	Asparagus	Asparagus	Asparagus officinalis L.	Liliaceae
  80.	Sorrel	Tak palang	Rumex vasicarious	Polygonaceae
  lygonaceae
  81.	Jute leaf	Patpata	Corchorus capsularies L.	Tiliaceae
  82.	Water lily	Shapla	Nymphaea stellata	Nymphaceae
  83.	Giant carandilla	Sheeta lau	Passiflora quadrangularis	Passifloraceae
  84.	Immature jack fruit	Echar	Artocarpus integrifolia	Moraceae
  85.	Baby corn	Choto bhutta	Zea mays var. saccharata	Graminae
  86.	Malencha	Malencha	Jussiaea repens L.	Onagraceae
  87.	Amrul shak	Amrulshak	Oxalis europaea Jord	Oxalidaceae
  88.	Nunia	Nunia	Portulaca oleracea L.	Portlaca oleracea L.	Portulaceae
  89.	Fern	Dhekishak	Dryopteris filix-mas (L.) schott	Polypodiaceae
  90.	Water plantain	Shamkala	Ottelia alismoides	Hydrocharitaceae
  91.	Lotus	Padma	Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn	Nymphaeaceae

  
  
  
  

  ---

  Appendix 1c
  

  SPICES GROWN IN BANGLADESH
  

  Sl.No.	English name	Local name	Scientific name	Family
  1.	Chilli	Marich	C. frutescens L.	Solanaceae
  2.	Onion	Piaj	Allium cepa L	Liliaceae
  3.Liliaceae
  3.	Garlic	Rashun	A. sativum L	Liliaceae
  4.	Leek	Leek	A. fistulosum L	Liliaceae
  5.	Shallot	Gundhun	A. ascalonicum Linn	Liliaceae
  6.	Ginger	Aada	Zingiber officinale L	Zingiberaceae
  7.	Turmeric	Halud	Curcuma longa L	Zingiberaceae
  8.	Cardamom large	Large Elachi	Aframomum spp. L	Aingiberaceae
  9.	Coriander	Dhania	Coriander sativum L	Umbelliferae
  10.	Cumin	Zira	Cuminum cyminum L	Umbelliferae
  11.	Aniseed <11.	Aniseed	Mouri	Pimpinella anisum L	Umbelliferae
  12.	Caraway	Sajra	Caram carvi L	Umbelliferae
  13.	Fennel	Guamuri	Foenicum vulgare Mill.	Umbelliferae
  14.	Black cumin	Kalijira	Nigella sativa L	Umbelliferae
  15.	Dill	Shulfa	Peucedanum graveolens	Umbelliferae
  	Ajowan	Jowan	Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague	Umbelliferae
  16.	Asafoetida	Gujarati	Ferula assafoetida Linn	Umbelliferae
  17.	Dill	Soya	Anethum sowa Roxb	Umbelliferae
  18.	Black pepper		Black pepper	Gol marich	Piper nigrum	Piperaceae
  19.	Long pepper	Pipul	Piper longum Linn	Piperaceae
  20.	Mint	Pudina	Mentha viridis	Labiateae
  21.	Basil/Sweet basil	Babui tulsi	Ocimum basilicum Linn	Labiateae
  22.	Bayleaf	Tejpata	Pimenta acris	Myrtaceae
  23.	Mace	Jotri	Myristica fragranse Hout.	Myristicaceae
  24.	Fenugreel	Methi	Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn.	Leguminosae
  25.	Cinnamon	Daruchini	Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Lauraceae
  26.	Sweet Flag/Calamus	Sweet Flag/Calamus	Bach	Acorus calamus Linn	Araceae

  
  
  
  

  ---

  Appendix 2
  

  GROWTH RATE OF DIFFERENT HORTICULTURAL CROPS

  (1984-85 TO 1993-94)
  

  A. FRUITS
  

  Area				Production
  Sl. No.	Name	Growth rate(%)		Name	Growth rate(%)
  1.	Banana	-0.519		Banana	-1.627
  2.	Mango	0.924		Mango	1.940
  3.	Pineapple	6.994		Pineapple	5.763
  	5.763
  4.	Jackfruit	1.211		Jackfruit	1.490
  5.	Papaya	3.470		Papaya	1.904
  6.	Litchi	2.309		Litchi	2.038

  
  
  

  B. VEGETABLES
  

  Sl. No.	Kharif			Rabi
  	Name	Growth rate (%)		Name	Growth rate (%)
  		Area	Production		Area	Production
  1.	Pumpkin 1.	Pumpkin	3.238	-3.238	Brinjal	1.210	1.210
  2.	Brinjal	1.265	-1.265	Cauliflower	2.647	2.647
  3.	Pointed gourd	2.108	2.108	Cabbage	2.545	2.545
  4.	Okra	5.721	5.721	Bottle gourd	3.649	3.649
  5.	Ribbed gourd	4.564	4.564	Pumpkin	3.608	3.608
  6.	Bitter gourd	4.562	4.562	4.562	Tomato	2.479	2.479
  7.	Cucumber	3.565	3.565	Radish	3.041	3.041
  8.	Snake gourd	6.093	6.093	Bean	3.727	3.727
  9.	Amaranth	4.453	4.453	Spinach	4.991	4.991
  10.	Ash gourd	4.124	4.124
  11.	Yard long bean	4.344	4.344
  12.	Indian spinach	6.ian spinach	6.720	6.720

  
  
  

  C. SPICES
  

  Area				Production
  Sl. No.	Name	Growth rate (%)		Name	Growth rate (%)
  1.	Chilli	-0.4099		Chilli	2.695
  2.	Onion	0.310		Onion	0.609
  3.	Garlic	0.236		Garlic	0.716
  4.	Turmeric	0.691		Turmeric			Turmeric	3.837
  5.	Ginger	1.745		Ginger	0.433
  6.	Coriander (seed)	2.956		Coriander (seed)	5.013

  
  
  

  ---

  Appendix 3
  

  

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