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Ayzin KUDEN
Horticultural research in Turkey has begun in 1940's. The institutes and the facultiehas begun in 1940's. The institutes and the faculties have performed good collaborations with the national organizations including international ones such as DAAD, CIHEAM, INRA, IPGRI, ICARDA, CLIMA, CIP, FAO, UNDP, European Community, British Council, etc. Mainly TAGEM (General Directory of Agricultural Research), and TUBITAK (Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey), DPT (State Planning Organisation of Turkish Government) and NPC (National Productivity Center) and the Research Fund of the Universities are supporting the projects. The universities also have partnerships with the organisations and universities of the other countries such as Germany, G.Britain, USA, France, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Portugal, Chile, Poland, Syria, Hungary, Sudan, Israel, Romania, Egypt, Uzbekistan, Albania and Pakistan.
Now, we shall perform the research activities in Turkey, for crops
and disciplines
Turkey is one of the fruit centers of the world. Different geographical regions of the country let them to grow almost every parts of the country. Many kinds of fruits can be grown in various regions. North Anatolia, called as Black Sea region is one of the main genetic origins of several fruits such as apple, pear, sweet cherry, walnut, hazelnut, chestnut, etc. 2 100 000 tons of cultivated apples are grown mainly in the middle Anatolia with local and foreign applainly in the middle Anatolia with local and foreign apple cultivars. Niðde, Tokat, Amasya, Isparta, Konya, Karaman, and Bursa are the main apple centers with very suitable climatic conditions. Pear and quince are the other important pome fruits mostly grown at the Marmara, and the Middle Anatolia regions.
For the stone fruits almost all the prunus species are grown in the country. Recently, the most extending species are sweet cherries and apricots. Wild sweet cherries are originated in the Black Sea forests and the cultivated sweet cherries are extended to the north, west and south parts of the country.
Peach is mainly grown in Marmara region, but also extended to the Aegean and the Mediterranean regions, especially with low chilling requiring cultivars. Peach exportation is made from Marmara and the highlands of the Mediterranean regions with very late peach cultivars ripening in mid October. Low chilling cultivars are grown in the Mediterranean region, because of the lack of chilling.
Malatya province at the East Anatolia region is well known with the best quality of dry apricots. But also Mut area at the Mediterranean region has a great importance with the earliest and qualified table apricots which gets a very good price, in the market. European plums are grown in Marmara, North and Middle Anatolia and the highlands of the country. Japanese plums are grown at the Mediterranean and Aegean regions.
Turkey is also rranean and Aegean regions.
Turkey is also famous with the highest juice quality of sour cherries. The best cultivar is named as the home city, called Kütahya. Ankara and Afyon provinces are also the main sour cherry producers. Subtropical fruits are grown at the Mediterranean, Aegean, Black Sea and some microclimates of South East Anatolia regions. Çukurova is called as citrus area and all the other subtropical fruits such as fig, pomegranate, olive, carop, persimmon, loquat are grown. Orange and lemon are the main citrus fruits in the Mediterranean region but mandarin is more important at the Aegean region.
Turkey is the member of CLAM, MESFIN, REMUFRUT and MECINET for
the subtropical and tropical fruits. There is also a very close
relationship with FAO, IPGRI, CIRAD, INRA, CIHEAM, DAAD, etc.
Tropical fruits such as banana, avocado, litchi are rarely grown
in our country. Tea is specialised to the Black Sea region with
the hazelnut forests. Hazelnut takes the first place among the
nuts and followed by walnut, pistachio nut, chestnut, almond and
pecan nut.
Anatolia is one of the most important center for the germplasm of many fruit species such as apple, sweet cherry, apricot, sour cherry, plum (P. cerasifera), almond, pistachio nut, chestnut, walnut, olive, fig, carop, dogwood pomegranate, etc.
Citrus, fig, pomegranate, persimmon, loquat, apple, p
Citrus, fig, pomegranate, persimmon, loquat, apple, pear, quince,
sweet cherry, apricot, peach, walnut, almond, pistachio nut, pecan
nut germplasm are collected at he University of Çukurova.
FAO and IPGRI are supporting to improve fruit genetic resources,
conservations and utilization. Many accessions of apple, pear,
quince, apricot, plum, sweet cherry, citrus, persimmon, fig, pomegranate,
were investigated. Emphasis is given to collection, and preservation
however, characterisation and evaluation are newly studied subjects
for fruits, especially studies on prunus, almonds and figs are
hastened.
In the Mediterranean region a great amount of work has been done on the evaluation of rootstocks and inter rootstocks, pest and disease resistance and breeding of citrus. Apple scab, fusarium, and nematode resistance, on apple, pear, loquat, peach, strawberry, and apricot; fire blight resistance on pear; rootstock and interstock evaluation on pome and stone fruits are being investigated. Strawberry breeding, production techniques, training of apple trees are some other research activities. A special attention is given to peach breeding for low chilling cultivars suitable to the subtropical conditions and peach breeding to obtain very late ripening cultivars, for the highlands of the country.
A strong emphasis is given to the usage of molecular markers for the identification of sweet c molecular markers for the identification of sweet cherry cultivars and early identification of peach and almond hybrids. Biotechnological tools are used including micro propagation of apple rootstocks, strawberries, protoplasts fusion studies on rootstocks of citrus (somatic hybrids) and genotype characterisation of citrus and relatives in partnership with INRA-CIRAD. Also, yield and photosynthesis activity relationship, carbohydrates and mineral element contents comparing the different soil types in lemon and orange are under investigation.
Embrio rescue is made on the hybrids of early peach cultivars.
A study is being carried out with the collaboration of Ege and
Çukurova Universities on the resistance of the hybrids
local almond cultivars to Pseudomonas syringae.
In vitro propagation of several fruit crops such as strawberry,
banana, peach, fig, citrus, pear, apple, etc. are successfully
performed. Micro grafting of citrus is another aspect to work
on. A big emphasis is given to virus/bacteria free citrus production.
Also, recently plant certification is a major concern for prunus
and citrus.
A great attention is given to the biological control to citrus
leaf miner in citrus, and also to capnodis in Prunus. Integrated
pest management is performed on viruses and decline diseases of
citrus and decidurformed on viruses and decline diseases of
citrus and deciduous fruits. Resistance to Mal Secco in lemon,
rootstock resistance to citrus root rot, and survey experiments
on tristeza, exocortis, impietratura, crinkly leaf and alternaria
are under investigation.
Studies on the integrated field are mainly based on;
Cold storage, controlled atmosphere and pre-cooling are the main aspects for post harvest research mainly on citrus and deciduous fruits especially on apples and pears.
A big emphasis is given to pre-cooling technology in the Southeastern
Anatolia region (GAP area) under very hot climatic conditions.
Ripening experiments on banana and pear are carried out with ethylene
releasing agents. Improvement of harvesting time and handling
techniques are performed on apple, mechanical pruning techniques
on citrus, almonds, and sour cherries are experimented.
Especially crop management and marketing of citrus are being worked
on. incorporation with CLAM and of deciduous fruits. Irrigation
and fertilization experiments are carried out on citrus. Olive,
apple, peach fertilization, quince/pear, citrus and prunus compatibility
experiments are being worked out. Quince rootstock selection studies
for drought resistance and quince compatibility with pear cultivars
are also being carried out.
Turkey takes the fourth place after China, India, and U.S.A in world vegetable production with 4 % (19 million tons). Vegetable production includes 21 % of total plant production and 62 % of horticultural production of Turkey. Approximatetion and 62 % of horticultural production of Turkey. Approximately 800 000 hectares area in the country are used for vegetable production. The geographical conditions of Turkey let almost all kinds of vegetables to be grown in the country.
Winter vegetables can be grown in open field in winter in the mild climates such as Mediterranean, Aegean and Southeastern Anatolia regions. They can be grown only in summer months at the higher elevations such as highlands of the Mediterranean, Middle Anatolia, Marmara and East Anatolia regions.
Protected cultivation is extended to the coastal lines of Mediterranean (Antalya, Içel, and Adana) and Aegean (Muðla, Izmir and Aydýn) regions.
Total greenhouse potential of Turkey is in the fourth place in
the world after Japan, Italy, and Spain with 12 000 hectares.
The cover material is used as 76 % of plastic and 24 % of glass.
Turkey is the genetic origin of some vegetables such as lettuce,
carrot, melon and radish. Among the total vegetable production,
45 % of them are Solanacea species (tomato, pepper, eggplant),
and 38 % of them are Cucurbitaceae species (watermelon, melon,
cucumber, squash, and pumpkin). The rest (17%) are the other species.
A great emphasis is given to the germplasm collection, evaluation
and characterization of several vegetables. Mainly, radish, naked
pumpkin, squash and leek have a priority among thesenaked
pumpkin, squash and leek have a priority among these cultivar
selections.
The seed production is performed at the "Seed Production
Station" in Balýkesir by the government but also imported
from the international market by the private sector. A big emphasis
is given to the seed production and the quality enhancement experiments
in the Southeastern Anatolia region by the University of Çukurova..
Basic studies on plant protection on vegetables in Turkey are as follows;
Controlled atmosphere storage of melon and mushroom and cold storage
of all other vegetables are under investigation, for quality and
food safety.
The economical analysis of soilless culture is performed in Turkey.
Turkey is the genetic origin of many ornamental plants. Most of
the ornamental plant production in Turkey is distributed to the
coastal areas of Mediterranean, Aegean and Marmara regions in
which Antalya, Adana, Içel, Izmir and Yalova are the main
centers of the production. Rose, spray carnation, chrysanthemum,
gypsophyla, gladiolus etc. are grown in the valleys, coastal line
and the highlands of the country. The production is mainly in
the hands of private sector. This sector initiated at the Marmara
region for the exportations of cut flowers. Today good quality
of cut flowers and ornamental plants are exported from Antalya
(west part of Mediterranean region). This com are exported from Antalya
(west part of Mediterranean region). This competitive sector is
developing day by day.
Anatolia is also an origin of many ornamental plants.
Germplasm collection and conservation has been performed in national
parks.
There is not much work on the selection of the ornamental plants.
These studies are newly beginning. Frittillaria imperialis
selection studies are being carried out in the Southeastern Anatolia
region. Also, some selection studies are performed on the forest
trees. Breeding is newly beginning.
Ornamental plants are propagated by tissue culture as well. Micro
propagation is used in fern, and Saint paulia production. Landscape
plants are usually propagated under in vivo conditions. There
is a good production of glayol, and Lilium candidum.
There is a survey on gerbera, for the red mites, fungal diseases,
Phtopthora, nematodes, etc.
The following studies are mainly carried out in different institutes;
Storage of cut flowers, effects of fertilizers, foliar sprays,
irrigation and growth regulators on the storage of cut flowers,
vase-life are the main subjects to be worked on. Limited studies
are carried out on the drying techniques of flowers, flower extracts
for perfume, etc.
An emphasis is given to the economics of cut flowers, exportation
and marketing of them. Economical analysis of the companies are
performed.
Major grape potential of the country is fresh fruits and raisins. Grapes are grown for wine and juice, processing but less than the others. Grapes are grown almost every parts of the country on the 560 000 hectares of the area. Turkey's production is more than 3,5 million tons every year and this important crop has several institutes dealing with only grapes. Tekirdað Viticulture Institute is one of them and collection and conservation studies are performed there. The ampelographical studies of more than 1000 cultivars were made among 1200 grape cultivars.
In the Mediterranean region the earliest table grapes are grown.
In Aegean region, they are mostly grown for drying. More than
80 % of the grapes are Round seedless and the others are Tng. More than
80 % of the grapes are Round seedless and the others are Thomson
seedless.
Since Anatolia is one of the main origins of grapes, germplasm
collection is performed and they are collected at the Tekirdað
Viticulture Institute. An ampelographic study has been carried
out since 1959. Resistance to Powdery mildew, Downy mildew, Dead
arm are being studied.
Breeding techniques are used especially at Atatürk Research
Station and some seedless and very good quality cultivars have
been released since 1990. Selection studies are performed as clonal
selection of good cultivars. Embryo rescue is studied in intra/interspesific
hybridization studies. Also, somaclonal variation is being worked
for resistance to oidium.
Tissue culture is used for clean material propagation. Also, rootstocks
are propagated by cuttings in vivo Conditions.
Resistance to disease and pests has been not worked on yet, but
survey studies are performed on mildew, Botrytis etc.
It is an important issue for table grapes and wine in our country.
Orange wine is produced at the University of Çukurova.
Oenology is being studied. Also, natural products and aromas,
fermentation, biochemical aspects of fruit quality are being investigated.
The economical analysis of grapes under protected cultivation
has been performed. Turkey take the first place for dry grapes,
the second for table grapes, the fifth for the vineyards, and
the sixth for the production in the world. So, a big emphasis
is given to the economical analysis of grape production and exportation.
In Turkey aromatic and medicinal plants are grown almost every part of the country in a big scale. It has a great importance and cultural value. They play an important role in traditional herbal medicines and the production of spices and essential oils for food industry. The quality of the products is high, and demand is increasing. Private sector is getting the products is high, and demand is increasing. Private sector is getting more effective in this sector (perfume or pharmaceutical sector). Aromatic and oil products are used mainly as flavorings and as fragnance.
Most of the products of the aromatic and medicinal plants are
being exported.
Since the Anatolia is the origin of many aromatic and medicinal
plants, a big emphasis is given to the collection of these plant
materials. Mint, origanum, melissa, and alkaloid plants are being
collected for the conservation. But the collection and conservation
of these plants are very new.
Most of the works have been carried out for improving of the yield
and quality. Studies are performed on the chemical composition,
essential oil content and the components of them. A selection
work was performed on Thymus origanum. There is no research
on the resistance to pest and disease.
Propagation of aromatic and medicinal plants by seeds or vegetative
organs are being studied. Tissue culture is performed very little.
There is only two new studies on the pest damage of medicinal
plants.
Several experiments are carried out on irrigation, fertilization, planting distance, timingxperiments are carried out on irrigation, fertilization, planting distance, timing, etc.
The effects of planting time on the effective essential oil content are studied.
Drying of the plants are being worked on. Aromatic plant + cotton
planting on the pest population experiment has been carried out.
Most importance is given to postharvest and processing aspects.
Extraction, identification, isolation of chemicals from selected
essential oil crops are also being worked on.
There is not much work on this aspect.
Table 1. Evaluation of the Institutes of the Ministry of Agriculture considering the experimental topics
| Ministry of Agriculture | Genetic Resources | Breeding | Biotechnology | Propagation | Integrated
Produc.System | Post-harvest and Process. | Marketing and EconFONT> | Marketing and Econ. | Pest and Disease | Total | |
| Alata Hort. Crops
Res. Institute 3 | Fruit: 3 | Fruit: 4 Vegetable: 12 | - | Fruit: 7 Viticulture: 1 | Fruit: 40 Vegetable : 18 Viticulture : 1 Ornamental: 1 | Fruit: 3 | - | Fruit: 2 Vegetable: 1 | Fruit: 59 Veg.: 31 Vitic.: 2 Orn.: 1 | ||
| Antalya Citrus, Greenhouse Res. Institute 5 | - | Fruit: 6 Vegetable : 11 | - | Fruit: 11 Ornamental.: 1 | Fruit: 29 Vegetable: 86 Ornamental: 5 | Fruit: 13 | Fruit: 5 Vegetable: 4 | Fruit: 37 Vegetale: 4 | Fruit: 37 Vegetable: 6 | Fruit: 101 Veg.: 107 Orn.: 6 | |
| Atatürk Hort. Res. Institute | Fruit:6 Vegetable: 14 | Fruit: 2 Viticulture:13 | - | Fruit: 24 Vegetable: 6 Viticulture: 3 Ornamental: 6 | Fruit: 52 Vegetable: 40 Viticulture: 16 Ornamental: 20 | Fruit: 18 Vegetable: 21 Viticulture: 3 Ornamental: 2 | Fruit: 10 Vegetable: 21 Viticulture: 3 Ornamental: 3 Medicinal: 1 | Fruit: 12 Vegetable: 11 | Fruit: 124 Veg.: 119 Vitic.: 39 Orn.: 29 Med.:1 | ||
| Ege Agric. Res. Institute 14 | Fruit: 21 Vegetable : 5 Ornamental: 4 Medicinal : 2 | Fruit: 1 Vegetable : 10 Ornamental: 1 | Fruit: 5 Vegetable : 1 Medicinal : 1 | Vegetable : 3 Ornamental: 4 | Vegetable : 3 Ornamental: 4 | Fruit: 15 Vegetable: 22 Viticulture: 1 Ornamental: 8 Medicinal: 4 | - | Fruit: 1 Vegetable: 1 Viticulture : 1 Medicinal: 1 | Fruit: 2 Vegetable: 5 Ornamental: 2 | Fruit: 45 Veg.: 44 Vitic.: 2 Orn.: 19 Med.: 8 | |
| Erbeyli Fig Res. Institute 7 | Fruit: 2 | - | - | Fruit: 1 | Fruit: 5 | Fruit: 5 | Fruit: 2 | Fruit: 1 | Fruit: 16 | ||
| Erzincan Hort.
Res. Institute 8 | - | Fruit: 1 | - | Fruit: 1 | Fruit: 4
Vegetable : 7 | - | - | - | - | Fruit: 6
Veg.: 7 | |
| Hazelnut Res. Institute 10 | Fruit: 2 | Fruit: 1 | - | Fruit: 2 | Fruit: 22 | Fruit: 4 | Fruit: 31 | ||||
| Karadeniz Agr. Res. Inst. | - | - | - | - | Fruit: 4
Vegetable : 11 Viticulture : 1 | Vegetable: 1 | - | Vegetable : 6 | Fruit: 4
Veg.: 18 Vitic.: 1 | ||
| Malatya Fruit Crops Res. Inst. | Fruit: 3 | Fruit: 2 | - | Fruit: 2 | Fruit: 10
Viticulture: 2 | Fruit: 1 | Fruit: 1 | Fruit: 1 | - | Fruit: 19
Vit.: 2 | |
| Manisa Viticul. Res. Institute 13 | Viticulture : 1 | Viticulture: 1 | Viticulture: 29 | Viticulture: 32 | Viticulture : 13 | Viticulture: 6 | Vitic.: 82 | ||||
| Olive Research Institute 16 | Fruit: 1 | Fruit: 1 | - | Fruit: 14 | Fruit: 40 | Fruit: 27 | Fruit: 4 | Fruit: 6 | Fruit: 93 | ||
| Pistachio Nut
Res. Institute 9 | - | Fruit: 2 | - | Fruit: 2
Viticulture : 2 | Fruit: 27 Viticulture : 3 | Fruit: 3 | Fruit: 1 | - | Fruit: 35
Vitic.: 5 | ||
| Tekirdag Vitic. Res. Institute 17 | - | Viticul.ture: 2 | - | Viticulture: 10 | Viticulture : 24 | Viticulture: 2 | Viticulture: 1 | Viticulture: 1 | Fruit: 40 |
Table 2. Evaluation of the Departments
of Horticulture of the Universities considering the experimental
topics
| Departments of Horticulture | Genetic Resources | Breeding | Biotechnology | Propagation | Integrated
Produc.System | Post-harvest and Process. | Marketing and Econ. | Pest and Disease | Total | ||
| Univ. of
Akdeniz |
- | Vegetable: 1 | Viticulture: 1 | Fruit: 3
Vegetable: 2 Ornamental: 6 | Fruit: 14 Vegetable: 21 Viticulture: 5 Ornamental: 7 | Fruit: 12 | Fruit: 5 Ornamental: 1 | - | Fruit: 34 Veg.: 24 Vitic.: 6 Orn.: 14 | ||
| Univ. of Ankara |
Viticulture: 1 | Vegetable: 7 | Fruit: 1 Viticulture: 2 | Viticulture: 2 | Fruit: 28 Vegetable: 29 Viticulture: 6 | Fruit: 26 Vegetable: 44 Viticulture: 10 | Fruit: 6 Vegetable: 21 Viticulture: 3 | Fruit: 1 Vegetable: 1 | - | Fruit: 62 Veg.: 102 Vitic.: 22 | |
| Univ. of Atatürk | Fruit: 7 Vegetable: 1 | Fruit: 1 Vegetable: 1 | Vegetable: 1 | Fruit: 18 Vegetable: 2 Viticulture: 1 | Fruit: 48 Vegetable: 13 Viticulture: 1 | Fruit: : 1 Viticulture: 1 | Vegetable: 1 | Fruit: 75 Veg.: 19 Vitic.: 3 | |||
| Univ. of Çukurova | Fruit: 11 Vegetable: 1 Ornamental:1 Medicinal.: 3 | Fruit: 6 Vegetable: 22 Ornamental: 1 | Fruit: 16 Vegetable: 7 | Fruit: 16 Vegetable: 7 | Fruit: 68 Vegetable: 23 Viticulture: 26 Medicinal: 2 Ornamental: 19 | Fruit: 289 Vegetable: 75 Viticulture: 33 Ornamental:29 Medicinal : 44 | Fruit: 79 Vegetable : 9 Viticulture: 7 | Fruit: 23 Vegetable: 6 Viticulture: 2 Medicinal.: 1 Ornamental: 3 | Fruit: 68 Vegetable: 23 | Fruit: 560 Veg.: 166 Vitic.: 68 Orn.: 53 Med.: 50 | |
| Univ. of Süleyman Demirel | - | - | - | Viticulture: 2
Ornamental: 1 | Fruit: 1 Vegetable: 5 Viticulture: 4 Ornamental: 1 | - | - | - | Fruit: 1
Veg.: 5 Vitic.: 6 Orn.: 2 | ||
| Univ. of Sütçü Imam | Vegetable: 2 | Vegetable: 5Vegetable: 2 | Vegetable: 5 | - | Fruit: 2
Vegetable: 1 | Fruit: 7 Vegetable: 17 Viticulture: 2 | - | Fruit: 1 | - | Fruit: 10
Veg.: 25 Vitic.: 2 | |
| Univ. of Trakya |
Vegetable: 2 | - | - | Vegetable: 8 | Vegetable: 68 | Vegetable: 2 | - | - | Veg.: 80 | ||
| Univ. of
Uludag |
Fruit: 5 Viticulture: 2 | Fruit: 2 Vegetable: 3 | - | Fruit: 12 Vegetable: 15 Viticulture: 8 Ornamental: 6 | Fruit: 27 Vegetable: 17 Viticulture: 8 Ornamental: 7 | Fruit: 17 Vegetable: 11 Viticult/TD> | Fruit: 17 Vegetable: 11 Viticulture: 7 Ornamental: 13 | Vegetable: 1 | - | Fruit: 62 Veg.: 47 Vitic.: 25 Orn.: 26 | |
| Univ. of Yüzüncü Yýl | Fruit: 12 Vegetable: 1 | Fruit: 1 | Fruit: 18 Vegetable: 1 Viticulture: 4 | Fruit: 20 Vegetable: 15 | Fruit: 2 | Fruit: 53 Veg.: 17 Vitic.: 4 | |||||
| Univ. of Çukurova, Pozantý Agr. Res. Centre | Fruit: 2 | Fruit: 6 Vegetable: 1 | Fruit: 1 | Fruit: 2 | Fruit: 16 Vegetable: 2 Viticulture: 1 Medicinal: 2 | Fruit: 6 | - | - | Fruit: 33
Veg.: 3 Vitic.: 1 Orn.: 2 Me>Fruit: 33 Veg.: 3 Vitic.: 1 Orn.: 2 Med.:2 | ||
| Univ. of Ege | Fruit: 3 | Vegetable: 3 | Fruit: 2 | Fruit: 40
Vegetable: 21 Viticulture: 12 | Fruit: 93 Vegetable: 97 Viticulture: 26 | Fruit: 12 Vegetable: 1 Viticulture: 1 | Fruit: 4 Vegetable: 3 | Fruit: 5 Vegetable: 5 | Fruit: 159 Veg.: 130 Vitic.: 39 | ||
| Univ. of Harran | - | - | - | Fruit: 4 | Fruit: 21
Vegetable: 11 Viticulture : 1 | Fruit: 1 | Fruit: 2 | - | Fruit: 28
Veg.: 11 Vitic.: 1 | ||
| Univ. of Mustafa Kemal | - | - | - | - | Fruit: 10
Viticulture : 1 | Fruit: 16 Vegetable: 3 | Fruit: 4 | - | Fruit: 30 Veg.: 3 Vitic.: 1 | ||
| Univ. of Ondokuz Mayýs | Fruit: 3 | - | - | Fruit: 14
Vegetable: 5 Viticulture: 13 | Fruit: 37 Vegetable: 12 Viticulture: 14 | Fruit: 7 Vegetable: 1 | Fruit: 2 Vegetable: 5 | - | Fruit: 63 Veg.: 23 Vitic.: 27 | ||
| Univ. of Selçuk | Fruit: 3 Viticulture : 1 | Vegetable: 2 | - | Fruit: 4 Vegetable: 1 Viticulture : 2 | Fruit: 11 Vegetable: 13 Viticulture: 6 | Fruit:le: 13 Viticulture: 6 | Fruit: 1 | Viticulture: 2 | - | Fruit: 19
Veg.: 16 Vitic.: 11 |