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Henry A. RoRE-RELATED INDUSTRY
Henry A. Robitaille
Walt Disney World Co.
P.O. Box 10,000
Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA 32830-1000
The WG3 document includes a Worldwide Summary Report followed
by seven presentations. The Worldwide Summary Report is the product
of horticultural specialists who were solicited and requested
expressly to address the needs and expectations for horticultural
research in their region, country, organization, or industry.
In some cases they directly represented a single stakeholder's
perspective, e.g., Produce Marketing Association (PMA). In other
cases the specialists felt confident in representing all stakeholders:
consumers, producers, marketing companies and associations, and
public research organizations (government and university laboratories).
Like Dr. Roger Lawson, who is the horticultural project leader
for the United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural
Research Service (USDA/ARS), stated: "Our research results
must be relevant to customers and all other users."
Because the technological needs of developing countries are markedly
different from those that drive markets in industrialized countries
and because national horticultural research programs are invariably
weak or non-existent in many of the developing countries, the
Worldwide Summary Report divides the world into three categories
by level of economic development.o three categories
by level of economic development. The "Developed Economies"
section is summarized from inputs received from the USA-USDA/ARS,
North Carolina State University, Washington Tree Fruit Research
Commission, Spain (Greenhouse Vegetable Industry), Israel, CAB
International, PMA, and several individual horticultural leaders.
The "Emerging Economies" section is represented by South
Korea, Indonesia, and Hungary--one of the Eastern European countries
that is, in a way, beginning anew horticulturally. Speaking for
the "Low Income Economies" are three CGIAR (Consultative
Group for International Agricultural Research) Centers: CIP (International
Potato Center), IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute),
and AVRDC (Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center), as
well as a senior officer of the FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization
of the United Nations).
Many contributors expressed needs that do not require research;
for example, the North Carolina nursery industry has a long wish
list, but not one item requires research to implement. This report
is specifically limited to research needs and expectations.
The Chair's summaries of contributors' oral and written reports
(Contributor Summary Reports) are included following the Worldwide
Summary Report. The complete, unedited reports of those contributors
who responded in writing are on the Congress web site at: <ht writing are on the Congress web site at: <http://wchr.agrsci.unibo.it/wc3/indexwc3.html>.
You are strongly encouraged to study both the Contributor Summary
Reports and their full reports on the web site. Information on
how to contact all contributors is listed at the end of the WG3
document.
The eight presentations begin with Drs. Michelangelo Leis and
Alessio Martinelli who review the plant propagation industry needs
in our host country, Italy. Dr. Nicky Seager (kiwifruit) and Drs.
Kirby Moulton and John Possingham (viticulture) look at the WG3
mission from single crop perspectives. Dr. Henk Van Oosten gives
us a single country's perspective. Note that that country is Holland,
a horticultural leader, and number one worldwide in floriculture
production (1). Country presentations are also provided by Drs.
Amnon Erez and I. Spharim, Israel; K.L. Chadha, India; and Sue
Popple, United Kingdom--three countries with a keen interest in
horticulture's research needs and expectations. Dr. John Abbott,
NOVARTIS Corporation, looks at the needs and expectations for
horticultural research from the viewpoint of the large, multinational
corporations. His report addresses the missions of both WG3 and
WG4 (horticultural policy). Many of these large multinationals
are, or were, the large chemical companies. Others are seed and/or
biotechnology companies with their future staked to crop improvement.
All are business driven and have little nee
All are business driven and have little need for the public sector
except as a source of new talent. They do, however, have the resources
to accomplish big breakthrough projects from beginning to end.
For certain, these companies will have much to do with determining
our horticultural futures.
Many of today's horticultural research needs have been with us a long time. Yields per land area must continue to increase as the world's population redoubles in the next few decades. Strong research programs that develop and apply precision agricultural technologies and that better adapt crops to their production environments will be essential if these productivity increases are to occur without worsening the environmental impact of farming. Ancient pest problems remain; and their solutions are important needs, e.g., Tristeza in citrus and Late Blight of potato. A frequent request is for the application of new tools and technologies like bio-engineering and marker assisted (fast track) breeding to help with these continuing needs. Other needs are specific to regions and/or crops and cannot be easily summarized. For the United States, the Agricultural Research Service lists "increasing the competitiveness of small farm agriculture" as one of its major needs. The tree fruit industry would like to have size controlling rootst industry would like to have size controlling rootstocks. These specific needs are as numerous as are individual horticultural crops and regions, and many examples can be seen in the following Contributor Summary Reports and full reports on the web. You are encouraged to use these authors as contacts for further information and dialogue. Interesting trends are surfacing; needs that are mentioned in almost every report. Some of them are new in terms of the high degree of emphasis they receive. Most of them are consumer driven demonstrating that when public interest grows to a critical level, it begins to reverberate throughout all segments of the industry. Consumer demands largely determine what growers, market operators, shippers, and the entire horticultural chain consider important priorities. As in any other business sector, their own needs are secondary to what their markets demand.
Four major trend areas are:
In her Presidential Address at the Annual
Meeting of the American Association (AAAS) for the Advancement
of Science, Jane Lubchenco (5) states that the environment is
no longer a marginal issue, but is the issue of the future.
She calls for an investment in both fundamental and applied research
in a broad spectrum of areas where new knowledge is urgently needed:
"The new and unmet needs of society include more comprehensive
information, understanding, anore comprehensive
information, understanding, and technologies for society to move
toward a more sustainable biosphere--one that is ecologically
sound, economically feasible, and socially just."
Only a decade ago those who espoused sustainable horticulture
were dismissed by the scientific community almost as "crackpots."
When we opened The Land Pavilion at Epcot® in 1982,
we displayed horticultural crops, concepts, tools, and technologies
important to horticulture but with no environmental theme. Today,
sustainable practices in horticultural production are the predominant
messages at The Land. Reducing the environmental impact of horticultural
production is also the top expectation listed in almost every
contribution to this worldwide report. Some of the specific needs
listed include: cultural practices that minimize the environmental
impact of production; broader application of integrated pest management;
nutrient management systems, including precision agriculture technologies
for reducing the introduction of excess nitrogen, phosphorus,
pesticides, and other pollutants into the environment; irrigation
re-circulation and zero runoff strategies for greenhouse and hydroponic
growers; and plant-based biodegradable plastic mulches and greenhouse
covers. There are even calls for research in direct support of
organic horticulture. Sales of organic produce have been increasing
at a rate of 20 to 30e have been increasing
at a rate of 20 to 30 percent annually in North America for the
past five years (Coleman).
Not surprisingly, research to guarantee safe fruits and vegetables
is the number one need cited by marketing organizations. They
want to determine how and where pathogens get on food and how
best to remove them. They also want research to develop quick
tests for unsafe produce. Both European and American government
spokespersons cite food safety as high priority and pledge research
to increase the level of scientific knowledge of microorganisms
that cause food safety problems. Countries interested in international
trade want to be able to guarantee clean horticultural products
free from both human, animal, and plant pathogens and pests. The
ability to deliver pesticide free or low residue horticultural
products is also a frequently cited need related to both food
safety and environmental issues.
A frequently stated consumer-driven expectation
is safe, high quality foods. In pursuit of this goal, producers
and distributors need longer produce shelf lives, achievable either
via development of new cultivars or improvements in post harvest
handling and storage technology. Others cite the need for non-destructive
measurement techniques for predicting and measuring product maturity
and quality. Pineapple is an example of a superior produclity. Pineapple is an example of a superior product nevertheless
shunned by many consumers because of prior unfavorable experiences
with immature fruit that should never have been in the market.
Market operators support research to improve consistency in quality,
to develop new products, or make superior products more marketable.
They support research projects such as those currently underway
to develop a pre-peeled citrus product and to delay the softening
of tree fully ripened stone fruits.
The continued ongoing development of new,
improved cultivars with pest resistance, longer storage life,
enhanced aroma and flavor, etc. is a widely stated need and expectation
for future horticultural research. In addition, there is strong
support for development of new crops and products for different
purposes:
A number of additional research needs and expectations, falling
outside these four major trend areas, are frequently mentioned
and are important to summarize:
The three countries reporting are all committed to continued development
of their horticultug are all committed to continued development
of their horticultural industries and to continuing a transition
from subsistence crops to high value horticultural crops. They
place strong emphasis on improving product quality and the economic
status of their producers. Their research needs vary little from
those of the more advanced economies. References to developing
sustainable practices, including precise fertilizer application
and integrated pest management with emphasis on biological insect
pest control, are common. They plan to develop new ornamental
cultivars; improve mechanization of harvests; breed for pest and
stress resistance; produce clean, safe products for export; preserve
native species; and sustainably exploit their unique resources.
They also stress the need for development of effective domestic
and international research partnerships.
Some of the needs and expectations for horticultural research in poorer countries are different and unique; while others are the same as those listed for the previous groups, such as the need to develop sustainable production methods and effective research partnerships. The following is a list of horticultural research needs for low income economies:
Contributors' full reports appear on the Congress
website at:
<http://wchr.agrsci.unibo.it/wc3/indexwc3.html>.
Excerpted from a personal interview with Dr. Roger H. Lawson,
National Program Leader, Horticulture and Sugar Crops, National
Program rogram Leader, Horticulture and Sugar Crops, National
Program Staff, Agricultural Research Service, in Beltsville, MD,
USA in November 1997.
In a subsequent conversation, Dr. Lawson expanded on this list
with the following research priorities:
ARS research is largely driven by the needs of consumers, growers,
and other interested users. Grower groups meet with ARS, and directlyted users. Grower groups meet with ARS, and directly
with the U.S. Congress that appropriates research funds. Recently,
the northwestern United States small fruits industry has been
successful in getting public money from Congress for research
on flavor and nutritional value of their products.
ARS also complements what the industry won't pay for by looking
ahead with a basic research program. An example is a peach transformation
study with a long-term goal of ripening control for improved table
quality.
ARS largely reflects consumer and industry needs and expectations.
Summarized from an outline titled: "Future Needs and Expectations
of Various Horticultural Industries in North Carolina and the
Southeast USA."
(Nurseries, greenhouses, landscape installation and maintenance, and associated industries)
Strawberries
Blueberries
Blackberries
Raspberries
(Excerpted from a report by Dr. George Ing,
Manager)
The Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission (WTFRC) assesses
$1 per ton for tree fruits harvested in Washington State and uses
the $4.25 million collected annually to fund 120 projects in 14
American states and four foreign countries. The WTFRC uses its
strength to lobby for Federal public research funds, to initiate
needed research that isn't otherwise being addressed, to leverage
and validate public research programs, and to bring the industry
and public research laboratories closer together. The organization
believes that private (industry) funded research in the United
States will continue indefinitely; although, in fact, it has always
been important, especially in the areas of vegetable breeding
and equipment design and engineering.
The WTFRC "needs and expectations" list is as follows:
Summarized from a report titled "Research needs to achieve
the expectations of the greenhouse vegetable industry in Southeastern
Spain" by Jesus Cuartero and R. Lozano.
Needs and expectations could be summarized into two categories:
(1) productivity and quality, and (2) food safety and the environment.
Distributors need vegetables with longer shelf lives of 10 to
15 days, a goal achievable either via development of new cultivars
or improvements in post harvest handling and storage technology.
Consumers are demanding enhanced aroma and flavor. To achieve
these needs, research is required on the physiology of ripening,
to develop instrumental substitutes for taste panels, and to understand
the influence of the ambient environment on quality. Environment
is more manipulative in greenhouse production. New plastics can
be developed with specific wavelength permeability.an
be developed with specific wavelength permeability. New cultivars
developed should be at least as productive as today's cultivars,
and should be made more tolerant to fluctuating environmental
conditions. Increasing mechanization, especially in harvest, will
also be a key to increasing productivity.
Integrated crop management methods must be developed to minimize
or eliminate use of pesticides and to minimize the impact of fertilizers
and pesticides to the ground water environment. Three areas of
specific research needs are: (a) development of pest resistant
cultivars, (b) ability to better control the greenhouse environment
(especially temperatures and humidity), and (c) a better understanding
of the epidemiology of insects and disease organisms in the greenhouse
environment. The latter is important for efficient application
of biological control methods.
The development of new cultivars can meet a number of the above
listed objectives. New technologies like use of molecular markers
and genetic engineering should be employed to speed up the research
provided that the public accepts them.
Summarized from a report titled: Horticultural Research in Israel,
Past, Present, and Future by Amnon Erez and I. Spharim.
Future horticultural research will have to concentrate on specialized
niche products mostly based on sophisticated development. Examples
are high quality crosses of veg development. Examples
are high quality crosses of vegetable seeds of special quality,
specialized products like winter cherry tomato, high quality greenhouse-grown
vegetables or out-of-season cherry and peach, seedless Muscat-taste
grapes or new cut flowers like the orchidiola (dwarf gladiola)
or the ornamental dwarf sunflower. In the local market efforts
will be concentrated on improving fruit quality and reducing pesticide
use and residues by producing resistant transgenic plants and
by advancing integrated pest management, as well as by increasing
the sector of biological products. Emphasis on the environment
will need more efforts in the area of reducing horticultural pollution
by better controlling fertilization, salinity, and pest control.
All of these require a multi-discipline research to be able to
achieve these goals.
The following are the future potential fields to be developed
or strengthened:
Summarized from a statement titled: "Needs and Expectations
for Horticultural Research: Some Major Issues" by R. J. Williams.
R. J. Williams suggests two major research needs: (1) effective
substitution of biological for chemical pest management and (2)
crop improvements made possible today by breakthroughs in biotechnology.
These needs are largely driven by consumer demands for high quality
products produced with minimal environmental impacts. Applications
must extend to developing countries where the most severe environmental
impact problems occur. In the developed countries, particularly
Europe, we must find ways of building public understanding of,
and support for, biotechnology.
Summarized from notes of telephone conversations with Kathy Means
(PMA) and Ed McLaughlin, Cornell University.
The market operators' perspective was provided by Kathy Means
Communications Director, PMA, and Ed McLaughlin, Professor of
Marketing at Cornell University. Professor McLaughlin does research
on retail marketing of produce. Both experts listed food safety
as the most critical issue requiring research to determine how
and where pathogens get on food and how best to remove them. The
second priority was improved product quality; produce that tastes
good and is highly convenient and, therefore, easstes
good and is highly convenient and, therefore, easy to market.
This requires not only crop improvement research, but also the
development of new technologies like smart films and modified
atmosphere storage. Market operators know that more and more consumers
want convenient, safe, and tasty foods with shelf life; horticultural
products don't work yet as well as, for example, pizza. New ideas
like pre-peeled citrus and controlled ripening are good approaches.
Both experts suggested that we need a better understanding of
the $80 billion distribution system between grower and retailer.
Too much temperature abuse during that period affects quality
and safety. The PMA spokesperson also called for research to:
(1) develop quick tests for unsafe produce; (2) develop novel
new products, e.g., gold kiwifruit, or make superior products
more marketable, e.g., mango; (3) improve consistency in quality,
e.g., many consumers don't buy pineapple because they've had a
bad quality experience; and (4) strengthen the scientific link
between horticultural products and health. Especially important
will be studies on complex interrelations that suggest that nutrients
in foods cannot be replaced with pills.
Summarized from a report entitled: "Horticultural Research
Needed Worldwide" by R. Coleman, horticulture public relations
specialist, Coleman Communications.
Prio
specialist, Coleman Communications.
Priority areas:
More aggressively pursue research into organic vegetable and fruit
production--especially in lieu of greater demands for organic
foods. In the United States notes The Packer, a fresh produce
trade newspaper, sales of organic produce have ce
trade newspaper, sales of organic produce have been increasing
20 to 30 percent per year for the past five years with similar
growth forecast for the next several years.
Finally, the trend to greater yearly production of greenhouse-grown
tomatoes and certain other in-demand vegetables presents opportunities
for researchers to increase efficiencies, reduce environmental
impacts of production, introduce new products, etc.
Summarized from notes of a telephone conversation with Dr. Merle Jensen, horticulturist and assistant dean for Agriculture, University of Arizona.
(Note: Dr. Jensen has traveled and consulted extensively throughout
the world and is a horticultural liaison between industry and
the University of Arizona.)
Almost all universities are not meeting industry needs. The greenhouse
industry is running out of skilled technicians. The education
process is remiss in not teaching students how to apply their
knowledge so they can enter industry with confidence following
graduation.
In research there is a widening gap between the scientists and
the application of their work in the field. Horticultural scientists
relate less and less to their industry. Most make little or no
attempt to communicate their science to the public.
Research in the corporate sector is business driven and backed
by big money. The corate sector is business driven and backed
by big money. The corporate sector does not necessarily need the
universities except to hire away their best scientists. The public
sector does not have the necessary resources to do the big break-through
projects from beginning to end.
Horticultural scientists must learn to be entrepreneurs. There
is little money available for horticultural research, so scientists
must be imaginative and creative. For example, in Arizona Merle
is building a center for controlled environment agriculture. It
is making a difference. Controlled environment agriculture versus
the traditional crop, cotton, produces 37¢ versus 0.1¢
worth of product for every gallon of irrigation water applied.
In addition, controlled environment agriculture produces 500 jobs
for every 100 acres. (Ed. note: Arizona is a desert, and irrigation
water is a very valuable commodity.)
Horticulture is becoming more sophisticated and high tech as a
result of research successes in crop breeding, crop nutrition,
pollination, integrated pest management, and greenhouse engineering.
In the last 35 years greenhouse vegetable yields have increased
from 50 to 250 tons per acre, with parallel increases in product
quality.
One of the biggest needs today is for biodegradable plastics,
preferably plant-based biodegradable plastics. Today in the world
there are 8.5 million acres c. Today in the world
there are 8.5 million acres covered with plastic mulch and 650
thousand acres of plastic covered greenhouses. The disposed problem
for used plastic is huge.
Summarized from a statement titled: "Personal Views Concerning
the Future Needs for Horticultural Research" by J. Weerts.
J. Weerts of Belgium agrees that large companies will mostly continue
to have little interest in horticultural research. Therefore,
he suggests that horticulture should maximize research progress
via major internatiulture should maximize research progress
via major international collaboration efforts. The two major research
priorities that Weerts sees dominating in Europe are: (1) health,
notably food safety, the intrinsic quality of horticultural products
and designations of origin, and (2) cultural practices that minimize
the environmental impact of production. He also suggests collaboration
between horticultural and medical scientists, the development
of new uses and new markets in both the food and non-food sector,
including medicinal uses and new horticultural product based convenience
foods. Finally, he suggests a systematic exploitation of the enormous
biodiversity of tropical plants, obviously for their potential,
but also as one way to build international cooperation in horticultural
research and help build the economy of developing countries.
(Excerpted from several reports by Dr. Pál Sass; all available
on the www site: Agenda for Research and Development Activities
for the Next Decades in Hungarian Horticulture; Main Elements
and Targets of the Research and Development in the Hungarian Canning
Industry; Part-Report on Hungarian Horticultural Research)
Hungary has for decades stressed mass production over quality
and, therefore, has much research to do upgrading technology before
it can compete in the world market. Their research agenda stresses
application ofket. Their research agenda stresses
application of foreign technology when it is available; building
cultivar information data bases based on foreign cultivars; trials
and breeding; application of information systems (information
technology, computer controls and modeling) for total quality
management; quality improvement; sustainability in production,
including environmental protection, biological pest control, energy
conservation, and environment friendly field packaging; and research
to support post harvest handling, processing, and storage. This
includes research priorities like "determination of optional
harvest dates for maximum storage life and the role of processed
horticultural products in human nutrition."
A document entitled: "Report on Hungarian Horticultural Research"
reviews research priorities in depth. It stresses sustainable
development and environmental protection; integrated production,
including IPM; development of energy saving technologies, including
geo thermal; development of disease resistant rootstocks and varieties;
search for new beneficial genes; and development of an industry
in medicinal and aromatic plants for industrial and pharmaceutical
uses. The document specifies that the crop breeding effort will
exploit new technologies like molecular markers and genetic engineering.
Production and handling research will involve studies in many
different areas, including post harvest physiologrent areas, including post harvest physiology and application
of information technologies. Storage will be an area of research
emphasis that will include both product physiological studies
and new engineering developments. One area of particular emphasis
is food safety in relation to food processing.
(Excerpted from a personal interview with Dr. Livy Winata Gunawan
and from a report "Business Prospects for Tropical Fruits
in Indonesia" by Dr. Syafrida Manuwoto, which is published
on the www site)
Until recently there was very little horticulture research as
the government concentrated on rice. However, the present and
future agricultural research emphasis will be on the development
of a native tropical fruits industry. Research goals will be to
improve the economy of small growers, improve the nutritional
status of rural populations, achieve agricultural sustainability,
preserve indigenous species, preserve and evaluate germplasm,
breed new cultivars, develop effective and efficient propagation
methods, and develop harvest and post-harvest handling and processing
methods. The goal is to exploit both conventional and new technologies
and form both domestic and international working research partnerships.
Vegetable research will concentrate on potato, hot peppers, and
garlic. Priorities include breeding for disease resistance and
heat tolerant cultivars. An ornamsease resistance and
heat tolerant cultivars. An ornamentals priority is the preservation
of native orchids, many of which are lost to timbering and theft.
(Excerpted from a document provided by Dr. K.W. Park entitled
"Future Needs and Expectations for Horticultural Research
in Korea." The entire document is published on the www site.)
Korea is a modern horticultural success story. Between 1985 and
1995, production of field vegetables, greenhouse vegetables, fruits,
cut flowers, and mushrooms increased by 15, 257, 67, 904, and
464 percent, respectively. Future research needs and expectations
of the Korean horticultural industry as a whole are listed as:
Vegetable producers are specifically looking for increased mechanization
of sowing and harvesting, more automation in protected culture,
and finding wng and harvesting, more automation in protected culture,
and finding ways to deliver increased freshness and quality to
consumers. Fruit growers cited a need for research to increase
productivity through breeding, introduction of new cultivars,
or new production methods, and reductions in production labor
costs. The flower growers' research wish list includes development
of new crops from native flowering plants, breeding for pest and
environmental stress resistance, and more application of computers
in production and marketing. Hydroponic growers need better adapted
cultivars, effective disinfecting methods, better definition of
crop fertilizer requirements, materials recycling systems, and
better methods of getting product to market. Ed. Note: These are
basically the research needs of hydroponic growers the world over.
Marketing groups listed better packaging and storage technologies
and high quality product free of any safety concerns as their
highest priorities. University scientists plan to concentrate
their research on plant nutrition to support the growing hydroponics
industry, applications of biotechnology to breeding for improved
product quality, post harvest physiology to support horticultural
exports, and reducing environmental impacts of horticulture.
(Excerpted from a written statement by Dr. Samson Tsou, Directed from a written statement by Dr. Samson Tsou, Director
General, AVRDC. Read Dr. Tsou's statement in its entirety on the
WWW site.)
Research Needs and Expectations:
To meet these needs, the near-term objectives are:
The following statement by Dr. Tsou is very important because
it addresses interactions that must occur between consumers, growers,
public and private research organizations, and markets:
"AVRDC's success i
3.2. FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO)
(Excerpts from contributions by Dr. N. Murthi Anishetty, Senior
Officer, Plant Genetics Resources Group.) Dr. Anishetty listed three research needs which apply to developed, as well as developing, countries:
3.3. INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (IFPRI)
(Excerpted from an interview with Dr. Per Pinstrup-Andersen, Director
General, and Dr. Nurul Islam, Research Fellow Emeritus.)
With a research mission geared to the specific objective of reducing
hunger and malnutrition, IFPRI sees the following as the most
important needs and expectations for horticultural research.
3.4. INTERNATIONAL POTATO CENTER (CIP)
(Excerpted from the CIP Medium-Term Plan 1998-2000; the strategic
overview chapter of the plan is on the www site.) The CIP has done an excellent job of prioritizing the needs and expectations for research on potato and sweetpotato:
Because of the high rates of return from previous CIP investments
in pest and disease management, IPM research figures prominently
in the Center's research agenda. The top research priority will
be to meet the challenges posed by new forms of the late blight
fungus affecting potato. The second priority is bacterial wilt,
the second most important potato disease in developing countries.
In the case of sweet
In the case of sweetpotato, the Center will use high-dry-matter
accessions to improve varieties targeted for use in sub-Saharan
Africa and Asia (project 13). The principal objective of this
research--as identified in the most recent priority-setting exercise--is
to provide high-dry-matter cultivars suitable for consumption
and for use as feed, starch, and flour.
Other areas of emphasis are genetic conservation and enhancement,
continuing to build and work with partnerships (although mention
is made that many partners have suffered devastating budget cuts)
and natural resource management.
|
| Abbott, John D. | Ph: | (515) 223-6217 | ||
| Technical Manager | Fax: | (515) 223-4599 | ||
| Herbicide Products Business Unit | email: | <john.abbott@cp.novartis.com> | ||
| NOVARTIS CROP PROTECTION | ||||
| 1501 - 50th Street, Suite 150 | ||||
| West Des Moines, IA 50266 | ||||
| Anishetty, N. Murthi | Ph: | 52254652 | ||
| Senior Officer | Fax: | 52256347/52253152 | ||
| Plant Genetic Resources Group | email: | <Murthi.Anishetty@fao.org> | ||
| Plant Production and Protection Division | ||||
| Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN | ||||
| Room: C-708 | ||||
| Viale delle Terme di Caracalla | ||||
| 00100 Rome, Italy | ||||
| Chadha, K.L. | Ph: | 91 11-578-4877 | ||
| Horticulture Department, ICAR | Fax: | 91 11 -576-6420 or -575-1719 | ||
| Division of Fruits & Horticultural Technology | email: | <naas@del2.vsnl.net.in> | ||
| IARI, New Delhi-110 012, India | ||||
| > | ||||
| Coleman, Robert G. | Ph: | (407) 862-0260 | ||
| Agricultural/Horticultural Public Relations | Fax: | (407) 862-0260 | ||
| Coleman Communications, Inc. | email: | |||
| 326 Sabal Park Place #100 | ||||
| Longwood, FL 32779 | ||||
| Cuartero, Jesus | Ph: | 34-52-552656 | ||
| Estacion Experimental la Mayora | Fax: | 34-52-552677 | ||
| 29750 Algarrobo-Costa | email: | <cuartero@eelm.csic.es> | ||
| Malaga, Spain | ||||
| Dixon.Geoff | Ph: | 44 - (0) 1563-830251 | ||
| GreenGene Int. | Fax: | 44 - (0) 1563-830251 | ||
| University of Strathclyde | email: | <113541.1364D> | email: | <113541.1364@compuserve.com> |
| Helenton Mote, Symington By - Ayr | ||||
| Kilmamock, Ayshire | ||||
| KA1 5PP, Scotland, UK | ||||
| Erez, Amnon | Ph: | 972-3-9683392 | ||
| Institute of Horticulture | Fax: | 972-3-9669583 | ||
| A.R.O. The Volcani Center | email: | <vhamnn@volcani.agri.gov.il> | ||
| P.O. Box 6 | ||||
| Bet-Dagan, 50250 Israel | ||||
| Galante, Ennio | Ph: | 39-2-23699-425 | ||
| Professor, Observatory on Agricultural | Fax: | 39-2-23699-411 | ||
| Research - CNR | email: | <galante@icm.mi.cnr.it> | ||
| Via Bassini, 15 | ||||
| 20133 Milan, Italy | ||||
| Gunawan, Livy Winata | Ph: | 62-251-323081 ext. 262 | ||
| Horticulturist/Plant Biotechnologist | Fax: | 62-251-622202 | ||
| Department of Agronomy | email: | |||
| Faculty of Agriculture | ||||
| Bogor Agricultural University | ||||
| Jalan Raya Pajajaran | ||||
| Bogor 16143, Indonesia | ||||
| Ing, George | Ph: | (541) 386-1008 | ||
| Manager | Fax: | (541) 386-1177 | ||
| Washington Tree Fruit | email: | |||
| Research Commission | ||||
| P.O. Box 1009 | ||||
| White Salmon, WA 986H=233> | ||||
| White Salmon, WA 98672-1009 | ||||
| Jensen, Merle.H. | Ph: | (520) 621-5243 | ||
| Assoc. Director, Ag Experiment Station | Fax: | (520) 621-7196 | ||
| Assistant Dean, Sponsored Research | email: | |||
| College of Agriculture, Forbes Bldg, Rm 306 | ||||
| University of Arizona | ||||
| Tucson, AZ 85721 | ||||
| Lawson, Roger H. | Ph: | (301) 504-5912 | ||
| National Program Leader | Fax: | (301) 504-5467 | ||
| Horticulture and Sugar Crops | email: | |||
| Beltsville Agricultural Research Center | ||||
| USDA/Agricultural Research Service | ||||
| Beltsville, MD 20705 | Beltsville, MD 20705 | |||
| Lee, Jung-Mtung | Ph: | |||
| Professor in Horticulture | Fax: | 82-331-202-1740 | ||
| Kyung Hee University | email: | <jmlee@nms.kyunghee.ac.kr> | ||
| V.P. of the Korean Society for | ||||
| Horticultural Science | ||||
| Manuwoto, Sjafrida | Ph: | 62-251-326429 or 323081 ext. 271 | ||
| Dean, Faculty of Agriculture | Fax: | 62-251-312032 | ||
| Bogor Agricultural University | email: | <pertaipb@server.indo.net.id> | ||
| Fakultas Pertanian IPB | ||||
| Jl. Raya Pajajaran | ||||
| Bogor 16143, Indonesia | ||||
| Martinelli, A WIDTH=233> | ||||
| Martinelli, Alessio | Ph: | 39-533-399431 or 39-335-6370981 | ||
| Professor, Observatory on Agricultural | Fax: | 39-533-399441 | ||
| Research - CNR | email: | <amartinelli@unacoa.it> | ||
| CIV. Consorzio Italiano Vivaisti | ||||
| Via Romea 116, | ||||
| 44020 S. Giuseppe di Comacchio | ||||
| (Ferrara), Italy | ||||
| McLaughlin, Ed | Ph: | (607) 255-3169 | ||
| Professor of Marketing | Fax: | (607) 255-4776 | ||
| Cornell University | email: | |||
| Ithaca, NY | ||||
| Means, Kathy | Ph: | (302) 738-7100 | ||
| Vice President | Fax: | (302) 731-2409 | (302) 731-2409 | |
| Produce Marketing Association | email: | <www.pma.com> | ||
| P.O. Box 6036 | ||||
| Newark, DE 19714-6036 | ||||
| Moulton, Kirby | Ph: | (510) 642-5449 | ||
| Department of Agricultural | Fax: | (510) 643-3075 | ||
| and Resource Economics | email: | <moulton@are.berkeley.edu> | ||
| University of California | ||||
| 207 Giannini Hall | ||||
| Berkeley, CA 94720 | ||||
| Park, Kuen Woo | Ph: | 82-2-920-1338 | ||
| Dept. of Horticultural Science | Fax: | 82-2-929-5317 or 921-2891 | ||
| Korea University | email: | <kuenwp@kuccnx.korea.ac.kr> | ||
| 136-701, .korea.ac.kr> | ||||
| 136-701, Seoul, Korea | ||||
| Pinstrup-Andersen, Per | Ph: | (202) 862-5633 | ||
| Director General | Fax: | (202) 467-4439 | ||
| International Food Policy | email: | <P.PINSTRUP-ANDERSEN@cgnet.com> | ||
| Research Institute | ||||
| 1200 - 17th Street, NW | ||||
| Washington, DC 20036-3006 | ||||
| Popple, Sue | Ph: | 171-921-1174 | ||
| Head, Horticulture Science | Fax: | 171-921-1167 | ||
| Agriculture and Food Technology Div. | email: | <k.l.lang@aftd.maff.gov.uk> | ||
| Chief Scientists Group | ||||
| Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food | ||||
| RooH=52> | ||||
| Room 653, St. Christopher House | ||||
| Southwark Street | ||||
| London SE1 0UD, England | ||||
| Possingham, John V. | Ph: | 61-8-8272-3406 | ||
| Chair, Viticulture Section | Fax: | 61 8-8272-3406 | ||
| Int. Society for Horticultural Science | email: | <possingham@esc.net.au> | ||
| P.O. Box 273 | ||||
| Adelaide, Australia 5001 | ||||
| Sass, Pál | Ph: | 36-1/166-4005 | ||
| Prof. Dr. | Fax: | 36-1/166-5049 | ||
| Chairman, Hungarian National | email: | <rekt@hoya.kee.hu> | ||
| Committee of ISHS | ||||
| University of Horticulture and Food | ||||
| H-1118 Budapest | ||||
| Villányi út 29-43, Hungary | ||||
| Seager, Nicky | Ph: | 64-6 354-9289 (2/27/98) | ||
| 20 Haast Place | Fax: | |||
| Palmerston North | email: | <nandn@xtra.co.nz> (2/27/98 | ||
| New Zealand | ||||
| Spharim, I. | Ph: | 972-3-9683392 | ||
| Institute of Horticulture | Fax: | 972-3-9669583 | ||
| A.R.O. TheVolcani Center | email: | |||
| P.O. Box 6 | ||||
| Bet-Dagan, 50250 Israel | ||||
| Sulzberger, Edward W. | Ph: | 51-1 349-5619 | ||
| 51-1 349-5619 | ||||
| Senior Advisor | Fax: | 51-1 349-5632 | ||
| Office of the Director General | email: | <e.sulzberger@cgnet.com> | ||
| International Potato Center | ||||
| Apartado 1558 | ||||
| Lima 12, Peru | ||||
| Tsou, Samson C.W. | Ph: | 886-6 583-7801 Ext. 101 | ||
| Director General | Fax: | 886-6 583-0009 | ||
| Asian Vegetable Research & Dev. Center | email: | <cstsou@netra.avrdc.org.tw> | ||
| P.O. Box 42 | ||||
| Shanhua, Tainan | ||||
| 74199 Taiwan | ||||
| Republic of China | ||||
| van Oosten, Henk J. | Ph: | 31-70-378-5enk J. | Ph: | 31-70-378-5727 |
| Natl. Council for Agric. Research (NRLO) | Fax: | 31-70-378-6149 | ||
| Postbus 20401 | email: | <h.j.van.oosten@nrlo.agro.nl> | ||
| 2500 EK den Haag | ||||
| The Netherlands | ||||
| Weerts, J. | Ph: | 32-2-206.73.09 or 72.11 | ||
| Director Assistant | Fax: | 32-2-206.75.53 or 75.35 | ||
| Ministere des Classes Moyennes | email: | |||
| et de L'Agriculture | ||||
| Manhattan Office Tower | ||||
| Avenue du Boulevard, 21 | ||||
| 1210 Brussels, Belgium | ||||
| Williams, Rob J. | Ph: | 44-1491 832111 | ||
| CAB International | Fax: | |||
| CAB International | Fax: | 44-1491 833508 | ||
| Wallingford, Oxon | email: | <R.WILLIAMS@cabi.org> | ||
| OX10 8DE, United Kingdom | ||||
| Young, Eric | Ph: | (919) 515-2717 | ||
| Assistant Director | Fax: | (919) 515-7745 | ||
| NC Agricultural Research Service | email: | <eric_young@ncsu.edu> | ||
| North Carolina State University | ||||
| Raleigh, NC 27695 |